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    Redox Chemistry Unit 2

    Uploaded by

    Nicola Nguyen
    Based on the information provided: Anode (where oxidation occurs): B(s) → B2+(aq) + 2e- Cathode (where reduction occurs): A2+(aq) + 2e- → A(s) Overall reaction: B(s) + A2+(aq) → B2+(aq) + A(s) The mass of electrode A increased due to reduction (gain of electrons) forming A(s). The mass of electrode B decreased due to oxidation (loss of electrons) forming B2+(aq) ions. Therefore, the galvanic cell diagram is: Anode (-): B(s) Salt bridge

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Redox Chemistry Unit 2

    Uploaded by

    Nicola Nguyen
    216 views51 pages
    Based on the information provided: Anode (where oxidation occurs): B(s) → B2+(aq) + 2e- Cathode (where reduction occurs): A2+(aq) + 2e- → A(s) Overall reaction: B(s) + A2+(aq) → B2+(aq) + A(s) The mass of electrode A increased due to reduction (gain of electrons) forming A(s). The mass of electrode B decreased due to oxidation (loss of electrons) forming B2+(aq) ions. Therefore, the galvanic cell diagram is: Anode (-): B(s) Salt bridge

    Original Description:

    chemistry VCE curriculum , unit 2 , redox

    Original Title

    16. Redox chemistry unit 2

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    Based on the information provided: Anode (where oxidation occurs): B(s) → B2+(aq) + 2e- Cathode (where reduction occurs): A2+(aq) + 2e- → A(s) Overall reaction: B(s) + A2+(aq) → B2+(aq) + A(s) The mass of electrode A increased due to reduction (gain of electrons) forming A(s). The mass of electrode B decreased due to oxidation (loss of electrons) forming B2+(aq) ions. Therefore, the galvanic cell diagram is: Anode (-): B(s) Salt bridge

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    216 views51 pages

    Redox Chemistry Unit 2

    Uploaded by

    Nicola Nguyen
    Based on the information provided: Anode (where oxidation occurs): B(s) → B2+(aq) + 2e- Cathode (where reduction occurs): A2+(aq) + 2e- → A(s) Overall reaction: B(s) + A2+(aq) → B2+(aq) + A(s) The mass of electrode A increased due to reduction (gain of electrons) forming A(s). The mass of electrode B decreased due to oxidation (loss of electrons) forming B2+(aq) ions. Therefore, the galvanic cell diagram is: Anode (-): B(s) Salt bridge

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 51

    16.

    Redox
    Chemistry
    and
    Corrosion

    Everyday redox
    Redox reactions include:
    the respiration reaction that
    is the source of energy in
    almost all living things
    photosynthesis in green
    plants
    burning of fuels to propel our
    cars
    Often associated with rusting
    of materials
    Australia spends about $3
    billion each year in an effort to
    prevent metals from corroding
    and replacing metal that has
    corroded

    Redox
    ReductionOxidation
    A redox reaction is a reaction where oxidation and
    reduction simultaneously occur.
    Oxidation is loss of electrons (e- are products)
    Reduction is gain of electrons (e- are reactants)

    Of

    Redox half equations

    Terminology
    OXIDANT
    Causes oxidation to occur. The oxidant
    itself will be reduced
    Also called oxidising agent
    REDUCTANT
    Causes reduction to occur. The
    reductant itself will be oxidised
    Also called reducing agent

    Writing redox half


    equations
    Zn(s)

    Zn2+
    +(aq)
    2e oxidation

    + 2e

    reduction

    Cu2+(aq)

    Cu(s)

    Overall chemical equation


    Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)

    Redox half equations


    Complete and balance the following half equations,
    AND classify as either Oxidation of Reduction.
    Au+ (aq)

    Au3+(aq)
    Au+ (aq) Au3+(aq) + 2e Oxidation
    Br2 (l)

    Br (l)

    Br2 (l) + 2e- 2Br (l)


    Reduction
    F (aq)

    F2 (g)
    F (aq) F2 (g) + e Oxidation

    Steps for writing complex redox half


    equations: KOHES
    K = balance the key element (undergoing
    oxidation or
    reduction)
    O = balance oxygen by adding H2O to the
    opposite
    side of the equation.
    H = balance hydrogen by adding H+ to the
    opposite side of
    the equation.
    E = balance the charge on both sides of the
    equation by
    adding electrons to the
    more positive side
    S = add states
    NOTE: Common error students have is where they locate the
    electrons
    REMEMBER to balance for atoms AND charge for half
    equations!

    Over to you..
    Permanganate ions MnO4- reduced to Mn2+
    ions

    K: MnO4- Mn2+
    (Manganese Mn is the Key
    Element)
    O: MnO4- Mn2+ + 4H2O (balance Oxygen)
    H: MnO4- + 8H+ Mn2+ + 4H2O (Balance hydrogen)
    E: MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- Mn2+ + 4H2O (balance
    charge)
    S: MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e- Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) (States)

    Oxidation Numbers
    (states)
    Sometimes it can be hard to distinguish how electrons
    have been transferred.
    Oxidation numbers also help to identify whether a redox
    reaction has occurred.

    Increase in ON means the element has been Oxidized


    Decrease in ON means the element has been Reduced

    Species
    Element
    s

    Rule for oxidation


    number

    Examples

    Oxidation number of zero

    Cl2, Mg , C, K, P4

    Oxidation number is equal to (or


    adds up to) their charge

    Na+ (+1), Cl- (-1),


    NH4+ : overall +1
    (N -3, 4H (4x +1)
    = +1)

    Ions

    Oxygen
    compou
    nds

    Oxygen in compounds = -2

    H2O : O = -2,

    (except H2O2 and BaO2 = -1)

    H2O2: O = -1

    Hydroge
    n
    compou
    nds
    Molecula

    Hydrogen compounds = +1

    H2O : H = +1
    HCl : H = +1,

    (except in metal hydrides = -1)

    LiH: H=-1

    The sum of ON = charge on

    CH4:

    Using oxidation numbers to identify a redox reaction


    determine whether the following reaction is a redox
    reaction.
    H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)

    The oxidation number of hydrogen has changed from 0


    to +1, so the hydrogen has been oxidized.
    The oxidation number of iodine has changed from 0 to
    1, so the iodine has been reduced.
    This is therefore a redox reaction.

    Although tungsten, W, is a rare element, it is very common in light


    globes. The metal is obtained from tungsten(VI) oxide by heating it with
    hydrogen, according to the equation:
    WO3(s) + 3H2(g) W(s) + 3H2O(g)
    Using oxidation numbers, determine whether this equation
    represents a redox reaction and, if so, identify the oxidant and
    the reductant.

    The oxidation number of tungsten decreases, it must belong to


    the compound that is reduced.
    The oxidation number of hydrogen increases, indicating
    oxidation.
    Therefore the reaction is redox: WO3 (not just W) is the oxidant
    and H2 is the reductant.

    Identify the oxidation numbers of all elements in the


    equation and then deduce which element is reduced.

    Decrease in ON means the element has been


    Reduced
    Therefore the molecular oxygen has been reduced

    Oxidation Numbers and


    Vanadium
    Today we will be reacting vanadate ions (V) with Zinc to
    form vanadium (IV), vanadium(III) and vanadium (II):
    The reactions:
    VO2+ (aq) + 2H+(aq) + e- VO2+ (aq) + H2O(l)
    VO2+ (aq) + 2H+(aq) + e- V3+(aq) + H2O(l)
    V3+(aq) + e- V2+(aq)
    TASK
    1. Identify the change of oxidation number for
    vanadium in each reaction
    2. Analyse whether vanadium is being oxidized or

    Oxidation Numbers and


    Vanadium
    VO2+

    VO2+

    V3+

    V2+

    +5

    +4

    +3

    +2

    Homework
    Read pages 273 283
    Complete questions: 2, 4, 7, 8, 9,
    10ace
    W/s Booklets due this Monday
    complete and corrected (with
    DIFFERENT coloured pen)

    Revision Quiz (6min/test conditions)


    1. Distinguish between:
    a. Oxidation and reduction
    b. Oxidant and reductant

    2. Write the half equation for Cu2+ solution forming Cu solid.


    Identify whether oxidation or reduction has occurred.
    3. Write the half equation for CO gas forming CO 2 gas.
    Identify whether oxidation or reduction has occurred.
    4. Assign oxidation numbers for the underlined species:
    0
    a. V
    b. V2+
    +2
    c. V2O5
    +5
    d. O2
    0
    +7
    e. MnO4-

    PREDICTING
    REDOX
    The
    Electrochemical Series
    REACTIONS

    te
    no
    r(
    fe
    ns
    tr a
    e
    th
    e
    ti v
    ga
    ne
    )
    nt
    ie
    ad
    gr

    Increasing reducing strength

    n
    tro
    ec
    el

    Increasing Oxidizing strength

    e
    Th

    Stronge
    st
    oxidant

    The
    Electrochem
    ical Series
    This table can be
    used to predict
    whether a
    spontaneous redox
    reaction will occur
    The oxidant must
    be higher in
    position to the
    reductant
    Top-left /bottom right

    Stronge
    st
    reducta

    The Electrochemical Series as


    it appears in your textbook
    (p287)
    Relative
    Relative
    strength of
    oxidant
    (causes
    oxidation)

    strength of
    reductant
    (causes
    reduction)

    How can we predict this?


    Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+
    (aq) + Cu(s)
    Strong
    er
    oxidan
    t

    Reduction

    Oxidation
    Stronge
    r
    reducta
    nt

    Will a reaction occur?

    The
    Electrochemical
    Series (p287)
    Strong
    er
    oxidan
    t

    Reduction

    Oxidation
    Stronge
    r
    reducta
    nt

    Will a reaction occur?

    Zn (s) Zn2+(aq) +
    2eCu2+ (aq) + 2e-
    Cu (s)

    Conjugate Redox pairs

    Oxidation
    Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) +
    2e-

    Zn2+(aq)/Zn(s) and Cu2+(aq)/Cu(s)

    Reduction
    Cu2+ (aq) + 2e-

    Oxidant
    reductant

    Conjugate Redox pairs

    Oxidation
    Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) +
    2e-

    Zn2+(aq)/Zn(s) and Cu2+(aq)/Cu(s)

    Reduction
    Cu2+ (aq) + 2e-

    Oxidant and Reductant

    N
    What is undergoing oxidation?
    a
    O2
    What is undergoing reduction?

    What is the oxidant? (Causing


    O2
    oxidation)
    N
    What is the reductant? (causing
    a
    reduction)

    Will a reaction occur?

    Ni(s)

    Al(NO)3(aq
    )

    Will a reaction occur? NO.

    Ni(s)

    Al(NO)3(aq
    )

    a Fe is added to a
    solution containing Ni2+
    ions
    b Ag is added to a
    solution containing
    Co2+ ions
    c Cr is added to a
    solution containing Sn2+
    ions.

    Increasing Oxidizing strength

    Use an electrochemical series to


    predict whether the following
    combinations will spontaneously react

    Homework
    Questions 13 and 14 should be
    completed today in class
    On Monday we will be predicting
    whether redox reactions will occur
    and construction galvanic cells. pre
    reading required: p 283-286

    Revision from Last class


    Y
    Pb(s) + Cu2+(aq) Cu(s) + Pb2+
    (aq)
    N
    N
    N
    Y
    Zn(s) + Pb2+(aq) Pb(s) +
    Zn2+(aq)
    N
    Y
    Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) Cu(s) +
    Fe2+(aq)
    N
    Y
    Zn(s) + 2Ag+(aq) 2Ag(s) +

    Galvanic Cells
    Using the electrons:
    Instead of reacting the oxidant and
    reductant directly, you can separate
    the reactants and have the electron
    transfer happen through an external
    wire.

    Components of a Galvanic
    Cell

    Anode

    external

    Cathode

    internal

    The Galvanic Cell aka Electrochemical Cell


    Galvanometer detects flow of eBeaker B:
    Beaker A:
    Zinc strip
    Copper strip
    Dilute Zinc Chloride
    Dilute Copper Sulphate

    salt bridge
    contains a soluble
    ionic substance
    that allows the
    circuit to be
    completed.

    Zinc is losing electrons


    Oxidation!
    e--

    e--

    Zn(s) > Zn2+(aq) + 2e

    Cu2+(aq) + 2e> Cu(s)

    Copper is gaining electrons Reduction!

    A Closer Look at Oxidation


    Zn(s) > Zn2+(aq) + 2e

    The electrons lost by zinc travel


    through the wire to the copper
    solution
    The electrons are lost from zinc
    atoms, forming ions.
    2e

    Zn2+
    2e

    Zn
    Zn 2+

    2e

    These ions have to return to


    solution in the form of Zn2+ ions

    Zn
    Zn2+
    2e

    (aq)

    Zn
    Zn2+

    2e

    2e`

    Zn
    Zn2+

    Zn
    Zn2+
    (aq)

    (aq)
    (aq)

    (aq)
    (aq)

    The metal gradually loses mass


    as metal atoms form metal ions
    in solution.

    (aq)

    Given the zinc strip is the source of the negatively charged electrons
    we assign this half cell as the anode.
    The negative anode is the cell which undergoes oxidation! This is
    dependent on which metals are part of the electrochemical cell not
    always zinc

    e- flow

    A closer look at reductio


    The electrons lost by zinc travel
    through the wire to the copper
    solution.
    In the copper solution are Cu2+
    ions (aq)
    The ions receive (gain) the
    electrons and as a result form
    Cu(s) atoms.

    Cu2+
    Cu2+

    Cu
    Cu2+
    Cu2+
    Cu

    Cu2+(aq) + 2e> Cu(s)

    The atoms then combine with


    the copper strip to add further
    mass.

    The Salt Bridge


    Anions migrate towards the half cell that contains the
    anode
    Cations migrate towards the half cell that contains the
    cathode
    K+

    Cu

    2+

    NO3-

    Ions in salt
    bridge balance
    the change of
    ion
    concentration
    in each half
    cell

    2e
    Zn 2+

    ronger oxidant (will undergo reduction)

    Complete this diagram


    of galvanic cell for
    Ni(s) and Pb2+(aq)

    Stronger reductant (will undergo oxidation)


    e- (from Ni to Pb)

    +
    Negatively charged anode

    Positively charged cathode


    Ni2+

    Ni2+/Ni half-equation: Ni(s) Ni2+(aq) Pb2+/Pb half-equation: Pb2+(aq) + 2e Pb(s)


    + 2e
    Reduction
    Oxidation

    A galvanic cell is set up by combining the A2+(aq)/A(s) and B2+


    (aq)/B(s) half- cells via a conducting wire and a salt bridge.
    After some time, the A and B electrodes are taken out of the
    half-cells and reweighed. The mass of the A electrode has
    increased, whereas the mass of the B electrode has
    decreased. Complete the labeling of the galvanic cell shown
    below including the overall redox equation for the reaction
    occurring in the cell.
    e-

    A is the positively charged cathode

    B is the negatively charged a

    A2+/A half-equation: A2+(aq) + 2e A(s)


    B2+/B half-equation: B(s) B2+(aq) + 2e
    Reduction
    Oxidation

    Overall Equation: A2+(aq) + B(s) A(s) + B2+(aq)

    To be completed:
    Now:
    Worksheet
    Textbook question 15 (13 and 14 should be
    complete from last class for those who were
    absent)
    Homework:
    Textbook questions: 22, 25, 27, 29, 30, 31,
    32, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 46, 47, 50
    W/S booklet: worksheet 14.1 and 14.2

    Prac: Galvanic cells


    AIM: To construct and observe several galvanic cells and to use
    experimental data to create an electrochemical series
    MATERIALS:
    Zn(s)/Zn2+(aq)

    Mg(s)/Mg2+(aq)

    RESULTS:

    Cell

    Fe(s)/Fe2+(aq)
    Cu2+(aq)
    Cu(s)/Cu2+(aq)
    2e-

    Fe(s)/Fe2+(aq)

    Cell
    Voltage
    0.56V

    Cu(s)/Cu2+(aq)

    Half cell equations

    Oxida Reduct
    Cathode (+): Cu2+(aq) + 2e- nt
    Cu(s) Fe(s)ant
    Anode (-):

    Fe(s) Fe2+(aq) +

    DISCUSSION:
    1. Create an electrochemical series from your data (order reduction
    equations for each conjgate redox pair from strongest oxidant to weakest)
    2. Compare with the electrochemical series in the textbook and comment.

    Holiday homework
    Textbook questions for redox chem:
    22, 25, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 37, 38,
    40, 42, 43, 46, 47, 50
    W/S booklet: worksheet 7 10
    complete and corrected

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