Wind Energy Wind Turbines Wind Power in Turkey: Emre Erdem.
Wind Energy Wind Turbines Wind Power in Turkey: Emre Erdem.
Wind Energy Wind Turbines Wind Power in Turkey: Emre Erdem.
Wind Turbines
Wind Power in Turkey
Emre Erdem..
Wind
Energy
Why the Wind Blows
History of Wind Energy
Wind Turbines
Main components of a Wind Turbine
Wind Turbine Design
Power Generated by Wind Turbine
Theoretical Maximum Performance
Early Days
Cretan windmill (1464
AD mechanical water
pumping)
Dutch windmill (1500
mechanical water
pumping, grain
milling)
U.S. farm windmill
(1854 present
mechanical water
pumping)
Early Days
Smith-Putnam Turbine
Grandpa Knob,
Castleton, VT
175-foot rotor, 1.25MW capacity
Operated from late
1941 to spring of
1945
Economic failure
technological
triumph
Foundation footings
still in place
Wind Turbines:
Power for a House or City
Raw
Materials
Suppliers
Component
Suppliers
Major
Component
Suppliers
Turbine
Manufacturers
Fundamentals of Wind
Power
Turbine subsystems include:
A rotor, or blades, which
convert the wind's energy
into rotational shaft energy
A nacelle (enclosure)
containing a drive train,
usually including a gearbox
and a generator
A tower, to support the
rotor and drive train; and
electronic equipment such
as controls, electrical cables,
ground support equipment,
and interconnection
equipment.
Rotor
Nacelle
Tower
Inside a Nacelle
Rotor
Rotor
The portion of the wind turbine that collects energy from the wind is
called the rotor. The rotor usually consists of two or more wooden,
fiberglass or metal blades which rotate about an axis (horizontal or
vertical) at a rate determined by the wind speed and the shape of
the blades. The blades are attached to the hub, which in turn is
Design Objectives
This article focuses solely on the design of
modern wind turbines to produce electricity at desired
outputs. Thus the design objective is to produce a
machine that will extract as much power and energy
out of the wind stream as possible, minimize
degradation and wear, utilize that energy to rotate a
generator and produce electrical power that can be
either tied to the electrical grid or used in an off grid
application. This should all be accomplished while
making sure that the turbine is cost-competitive with
conventional forms of energy production.
80
59.6
80 m.
59.6 m.
100 kW
Installed in on-
and off-grid
applications
Require 4 m/s (9
mph) average
wind sites
from 660 kW to
3.6 MW
Provide
wholesale bulk
power
Require average
wind speeds of 6
m/s (13 mph)
One megawatt of
wind generates
about as much
= Density of air = 1.2 kg/m3 (.0745 lb/ft3), at sea level, 20 oC and dry ai
A = swept area = (radius)2, m2
V = Wind Velocity, m/sec.
A
= 1.16 kg/m3,
= 1.00 kg/m3,
Where: m = mass, v = wind speed
turbine, the region being analyzed is the circular swept area of the
blades and so Q can broken into the air stream velocity (v) multiplied
by the swept area of the rotor (A). Since the velocity term already
appears in the equation these terms can be combined to yield:
1. Power is related to the cube of the wind velocity. Thus even small
Theoretical Maximum
Performance
The power equation above represents the total power in a given air
Rotor Configuration
The most popular modern turbine design is an upwind three bladed
One Blade
Faster TSR (more noise, etc)
etc)
Two Blades
Fast TSR (noise issues, etc)
Three Blades
Slower TSR (less noise,
Captures 10% less energy than 2-blade Captures 5% less energy than 3-blade Balances gyroscopic
forces
Gearbox ratio reduced
Gyroscopic imbalance
Gearbox costs go up
Cost effective
Turbine Aerodynamics
In order to do this, the Tip
Empowering Workers to be
Fire Hazards
Medical and First
Aid
Sanding &
Grinding
Class
Area (Km2)
Potential
Energy (MW)
5 038
1 662
168 759
41 656
370 767
44 659
Overall
87 977
Years
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
200 200
7
8
Establish
ed
Power
8,7
8,7
18,
9
18,
9
18,
9
20,
1
20,
1
20,
1
51
20
09
how they will perform over a range of wind speeds. This curve is the
power generated by the machine plotted against wind speed.
There are three regions to any power curve:
Region I- This is the range of low wind speeds during which time the
turbine will not be running. There is simply not enough energy in the
wind to spin the rotor and no electricity will be produced.
Region II- This is the intermediate range of wind speeds during which
time the turbine Cp will vary depending on the wind speed. It begins
with the cut-in wind speed and ends at the turbine's rated wind speed.
Region III- This is the range of wind speeds that the turbine will be
operating at it's rated power. This region of the curve will be flat and
extend to the cut-out wind speed at which time the turbine will be shut
down and "parked" so that it is not damaged by high winds. This is the
region that a wind farm operator would like to be able to have the
turbines running at most of the time.