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    Ivan Pavlov

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    This document discusses classical conditioning and systematic desensitization. It provides definitions of key terms in classical conditioning like unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response. It describes the three stages of classical conditioning: before, during, and after conditioning. It then explains systematic desensitization and its use in treating phobias and anxieties. A case study is presented of a client with Down syndrome who developed anxiety and refused activities. Systematic desensitization was used by gradually exposing the client to anxiety-provoking stimuli and had success in overcoming the client's anxiety.

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    Ivan Pavlov

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    GGalanggJJoeharyy
    105 views15 pages
    This document discusses classical conditioning and systematic desensitization. It provides definitions of key terms in classical conditioning like unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response. It describes the three stages of classical conditioning: before, during, and after conditioning. It then explains systematic desensitization and its use in treating phobias and anxieties. A case study is presented of a client with Down syndrome who developed anxiety and refused activities. Systematic desensitization was used by gradually exposing the client to anxiety-provoking stimuli and had success in overcoming the client's anxiety.

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    This document discusses classical conditioning and systematic desensitization. It provides definitions of key terms in classical conditioning like unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response. It describes the three stages of classical conditioning: before, during, and after conditioning. It then explains systematic desensitization and its use in treating phobias and anxieties. A case study is presented of a client with Down syndrome who developed anxiety and refused activities. Systematic desensitization was used by gradually exposing the client to anxiety-provoking stimuli and had success in overcoming the client's anxiety.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    105 views15 pages

    Ivan Pavlov

    Uploaded by

    GGalanggJJoeharyy
    This document discusses classical conditioning and systematic desensitization. It provides definitions of key terms in classical conditioning like unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response. It describes the three stages of classical conditioning: before, during, and after conditioning. It then explains systematic desensitization and its use in treating phobias and anxieties. A case study is presented of a client with Down syndrome who developed anxiety and refused activities. Systematic desensitization was used by gradually exposing the client to anxiety-provoking stimuli and had success in overcoming the client's anxiety.

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    You are on page 1of 15

    Ivan Pavlov

    Mandy Teoh Yee Leng


    PEC 110009
    Yee Yeong Chien
    PEC 110038

    Chapter 1 Introduction
    What is Classical Conditioning?

    According to Oxford Dictionary of


    Psychology (2009), classical conditioning is
    one of the two major forms of conditioning,
    being the process of learning through which
    an initially neutral stimulus, such as the
    ticking of a metronome, comes to elicit a
    particular response, such as salivation, as a
    consequence of being paired repeatedly
    with an unconditioned stimulus, such as
    food

    Terms to be understood:
    Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) -a stimulus that can elicit the
    response without any learning or easier to understand, the
    respond to an unconditioned stimulus is inborn
    Unconditioned respond (UCR) -is an unlearned, innate,
    involuntary physiological reflex that is elicited by the
    unconditioned stimulus
    Conditioned stimulus (CS)- stimulus that comes to elicit
    responses as a result of being paired with an unconditioned
    stimulus
    Conditioned response (CR) - which is elicited by the conditioned
    stimulus, is similar to, but not identical in size or amount to, the
    unconditioned response
    Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which a previously
    neutral stimulus (CS) is followed by a stimulus (UCS) that elicits
    an unlearned response (UCR)
    As a result of these pairings of the CS and UCS, the CS comes to
    elicit a respond (CR) that, in most cases, is identical or very
    similar to the UCR

    Procedure of Classical Conditioning

    Stage 1 before classical


    conditioning

    Stage 2 During conditioning

    Stage 3 After conditioning

    Technique in Counselling
    1.
    .
    .
    .
    .

    Relaxation training
    method of deeply relaxing the muscles of the body and
    as well as mental relaxation
    this technique is easily learned
    a set of instruction that teaches them to relax
    After clients learn the basics of relaxation procedures, it
    is essential that they practice these exercises daily to
    obtain maximum results and also as a well-learned
    response (habitual pattern)
    Relaxation training can be apply to variety of clinical
    problems, either as a separate technique (example:
    stress and anxiety, manifested in psychosomatic
    symptoms) or in conjunction with related methods (such
    as systematic desensitization)

    Systematic desensitization
    . Systematic desensitization is an appropriate
    technique for treating phobias, anxiety,
    anger, insomnia, asthmatic attacks, motion
    sickness, nightmares and sleep-walking
    . It is a step-by-step process of breaking a
    clients conditioned associations with a feared
    objects or experience
    . Desensitization occurs through relaxing while
    simultaneously imagining the feared stimuli
    2.

    There are steps to conduct systematic


    desensitization that are:
    i.
    relaxation training as have explained in the above
    ii. stimulus hierarchy
    iii. Exposure
    3. In Vivo Exposure
    . involves client exposure to the actual anxietyevoking events rather than simply imagining these
    situations
    3. Flooding
    . either in vivo or imaginal exposure to anxietyevoking stimuli for a prolonged period of time

    Case study
    NADD Bulletin Volume IX Number 3 Article 2
    Robert Howenstine, Ph.D.

    K.R. , 21 yrs old, Down Syndrome, lived with


    parents
    Limited speech that hard to understand,
    understand simple speech fairly well
    Happy, enrgetic, cooperative & helpful
    Active in lots of community activity: Special
    Olympics
    Great interst in cars and trucks
    Like to help father work on his pickup truck
    Well liked and made steady in school

    New teacher pressured to perform on post


    school life, emphasize on vocational training
    Difficult &stressful
    Began resist assignment, refuse all tasks
    Teachers talk to parents to continue persue
    More upset
    Mother surgery, stay with grandparents for 2
    days, experienced significant difficulties
    Never went to sleep, began acting bizarrely
    Eg: forgot to take pants down when sat on the
    toilet, get into everything, intimated her
    grandfathers swearing
    Refused to go to schol or regular activities

    Put

    her on Trazadone for sleep, Depakote for mood


    stabilization
    2 months later, was home all the time, refuse to go
    school, spending most of time on bed
    Weekly session
    Teach K.R to tae deep breath, having difficulty
    Was told to do things which she felt comfortable,
    asked to stand and take deep breath and then sit
    again
    After became comfortable, gradually asked to take
    steps toward front door, open the door, go out the car,
    open the car door, get inside the car
    Each steps repeated 5 times before going to next
    steps,
    Mother thought to do procedure with her

    Course

    for 2 months, K.R overcame anxiety,


    returned to active & happy life in community
    *only take her to places she liked such as
    Starbucks or favourite restaurant
    New social activities for her to fit in well
    Did not return to school & graduated
    No recurrence over 4 years

    Discussion

    Systematic desensitization can treat phobias in


    individual with developmental disabilities
    Did not develop a relaxing response, making a
    response that required some effort and
    concentration was sufficient to compete with
    anxiety
    Taking medication and providing praise and
    positive reinforcement is helping the use of
    desensitization

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