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    Cost Estimation: CIS 375 Bruce R. Maxim UM-Dearborn

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    Sibasish Sahu
    This document discusses various techniques for software cost estimation, including experiential, static, and dynamic models. Static linear models use regression analysis to relate effort to product and process attributes. The Delphi technique involves repeated anonymous group estimates to reach consensus. Function points assign weights to various system characteristics to estimate size. COCOMO models relate effort to size using parameters adjusted by cost drivers. Dynamic models like Putnam model effort over time as a staff-learning curve function.

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    Cost Estimation: CIS 375 Bruce R. Maxim UM-Dearborn

    Uploaded by

    Sibasish Sahu
    32 views31 pages
    This document discusses various techniques for software cost estimation, including experiential, static, and dynamic models. Static linear models use regression analysis to relate effort to product and process attributes. The Delphi technique involves repeated anonymous group estimates to reach consensus. Function points assign weights to various system characteristics to estimate size. COCOMO models relate effort to size using parameters adjusted by cost drivers. Dynamic models like Putnam model effort over time as a staff-learning curve function.

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    This document discusses various techniques for software cost estimation, including experiential, static, and dynamic models. Static linear models use regression analysis to relate effort to product and process attributes. The Delphi technique involves repeated anonymous group estimates to reach consensus. Function points assign weights to various system characteristics to estimate size. COCOMO models relate effort to size using parameters adjusted by cost drivers. Dynamic models like Putnam model effort over time as a staff-learning curve function.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    32 views31 pages

    Cost Estimation: CIS 375 Bruce R. Maxim UM-Dearborn

    Uploaded by

    Sibasish Sahu
    This document discusses various techniques for software cost estimation, including experiential, static, and dynamic models. Static linear models use regression analysis to relate effort to product and process attributes. The Delphi technique involves repeated anonymous group estimates to reach consensus. Function points assign weights to various system characteristics to estimate size. COCOMO models relate effort to size using parameters adjusted by cost drivers. Dynamic models like Putnam model effort over time as a staff-learning curve function.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 31

    Cost Estimation

    CIS 375
    Bruce R. Maxim
    UM-Dearborn
    1

    Types of Cost Models


    Experiential
    derived from past experience

    Static
    derived using regression techniques
    doesnt change with time

    Dynamic
    derived using regression techniques
    often includes the effects of time
    2

    Expert Guessing
    A = The most pessimistic estimate.
    B = The most likely estimate.
    C = The most optimistic estimate.
    = (A + 4B + C)
    6
    (Weighted average; where = estimate).
    3

    Delphi Technique
    1. Group of experts, make "secret" guesses.
    2. "secret" guesses are used to compute group
    average.
    3. Group average is presented to the group.
    4. Group, once again makes "secret" guesses.
    5. Individual guesses are again averaged.
    6. If new average is different from previous,
    then goto (4).
    7. Otherwise = new average.
    4

    Wolverton Model - 1
    Uses a software type matrix where the
    column headings come from the cross
    product
    {old, new} X {easy, moderate, hard}

    For example:
    Type

    OE

    OM

    OH

    NE

    NM

    NH

    Control

    21

    27

    30

    33

    40

    49

    I/O

    Wolverton Model -2
    Estimate models in terms of LOC:
    C(k)

    = Ss(k)

    * Ci,j(k)

    Cost of = Size
    matrix cost entry
    module k = of module k for modules like K
    System Cost = C(k) where k = 1 to n

    Problems with Expert Judgement


    It is subjective. (consensus is difficult to
    achieve)
    Extrapolating from one project to
    another may be difficult.
    Users and project managers tend not to
    estimate costs very well.
    Cost matrices require periodic updates.
    7

    Function Points
    Parameter

    Simple

    Average

    Complex

    Fi

    Distinct input items

    3( )

    4( )

    6( )

    Output screens/reports

    4( )

    5( )

    7( )

    Types of user queries

    3( )

    4( )

    6( )

    Number of files

    7( )

    10( )

    15( )

    External interface

    5( )

    7( )

    10( )

    Total

    Function Point Equation


    F.P.s = T * (0.65 + 0.01 * Q)
    T = unadjusted table total
    Q = score from questionnaire
    (14 items with values 0 to 5)
    Cost of producing one function point? May be
    organization specific.
    9

    Function Point Questionnaire


    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.

    Backup.
    Data communication.
    Distributed processes.
    Optimal performance.
    Heavily used operating
    system.
    6. On-line data security.
    7. Multiple screens.
    8. On-line master file
    update.

    9. Complex inputs,
    queries, outputs.
    10. Complex internal
    processing.
    11. Reusable code.
    12. Conversion or
    installation.
    13. Multiple user sites.
    14. Ease of use.
    10

    Static Linear Models


    Often built using regression analysis
    Effort = c0 + ci * xi
    C = regression coefficient
    X = product or process attribute

    11

    Static Non-Linear Models


    Examples
    Effort = c0 + ci * xidi
    Ci and di are non-linear regression constants

    or
    Effort = (a + b S C) * m(X)
    where S is size in KLOC
    a, b, and c are regression constants
    12

    Halsteads Software Science


    Assumptions
    complete algorithm specification exists
    programmer works alone
    programmer knows what to do
    Based on
    N = # of unique operators
    n = # of unique operands
    13

    Halstead Equations
    Effort
    E = N2 * log2 (n) / 4
    To compute N
    N = k * Ss
    k = average # operators per LOC
    k is language specific

    To compute n
    N = n * log2 (n / 2)
    14

    Watson and Felix Model


    E = 5.25 * S 0.91
    composite productivity factor
    p = wi * xi
    L = LOC per person-month = f(p)
    E=S/L

    15

    Bailey and Basili Model


    E` = 5.5 + 0.73 * S 1.6
    R = E / E = actual effort/predicted effort
    Adjusted effort is
    ERadj = R 1
    if R >= 1
    = 1 1/R if R < 1
    Eadj = (1 + ERadj) * E if R >= 1
    = E / (1 + ERadj)

    if R < 1
    16

    COCOMO - I
    Model E = a Sb * m(x)
    BASIC

    MODE

    INTERMEDIATE

    Organic

    2.4

    1.05

    3.2

    1.05

    Semidetached

    3.0

    1.12

    3.0

    1.12

    Embedded

    3.6

    1.20

    2.8

    1.20

    17

    Basic COCOMO
    Computes software development effort
    (and cost) as a function of program
    size, expressed in estimated lines of
    code.
    m(x) = 1

    18

    Intermediate COCOMO
    Computes software development effort
    as a function of program size and a set
    of "cost drivers" that include subjective
    assessments of product, hardware,
    personnel, and project attributes.
    m(x) = m(xi)

    19

    20

    Detailed COCOMO
    Includes all characteristics of the
    intermediate version with an
    assessment of the cost drivers impact
    on each step (analysis, design, ect.) of
    the software engineering process
    m(x) based on similar questionnaire

    21

    Static Model Problems


    Existing models rely at least in part on
    expert judgment
    Most static estimates require estimation
    of the product in lines of code (LOC)
    Not clear which cost factors are
    significant in all development
    environments
    22

    Dynamic Models
    It is helpful to know when effort will be
    required on a project as well as how
    much total effort is required
    Most models are time or phase
    sensitive in their effort computations

    23

    Putnam Model

    Based on Rayliegh curve - > skewed, median & mean


    offset from one another
    24

    Putnam Model Details


    Volume of work
    Difficulty gradient for measuring complexity
    Project technology factor measuring staff
    experience
    Delivery time constraints
    Staffing model based on
    Total cumulative staff
    How quickly new staff can be absorbed
    # days in project month
    25

    Putnam Equations
    E = y(T) = 0.3945 * K
    K = area under curve [0 , 1)
    measured in programmer year
    T = optimal development time in years
    D = K / T2
    difficulty
    P = ci * D 2/3
    productivity
    S = c * K 1/3 * T 4/3 lines of code
    26

    Parr Model

    27

    Parr Equation
    Putnam variation
    Staff may already be familiar with
    project tools, methods, and
    requirements
    Staff(t) = (sech2 (a*t + c) / 2) / 4

    28

    Jensen Model
    Putnam variation
    Less sensitive to schedule compression
    than Putnam
    S = Cte * T * K1/2

    29

    Cooperative Programming Model


    Includes size of project team in estimate as well as code
    size
    E = E1(S) + E2(M)
    S = code size
    M = average # team members
    E1(S) = a + b * S
    effort of single team member
    E2(M) = c * Md
    effort required for coordination with other members
    30

    Dynamic Model Problems


    Still rely on expert judgment
    Not clear that all project costs have
    been accommodated here either

    31

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