Roundwork FOR Ollege Eading: With Phonics

GROUNDWORK FOR
COLLEGE READING
WITH PHONICS
Fourth Edition
John Langan
2008 Townsend Press
Part I, Chapter One:

Phonics I: Consonants
THIS CHAPTER IN A NUTSHELL
Twenty-one of the twenty-six letters of the English alphabet are
consonants.
Fifteen consonants have only one sound when they appear by
themselves: b, f, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, t, v, w, y, and z.
Six consonants have more than one sound: c, d, g, q, s, and
x.
There are three types of consonant combinations:
Consonant blends are combinations that blend the sounds of
single consonants, such as score, splash, broke, and lift.
Consonant digraphs are pairs that combine to make a new
sound: phone, their, chip.
Silent consonants are not pronounced in certain
PHONICS
Phonics tells you

how to break a word into parts called
syllables
how to pronounce each syllable
CONSONANTS
Twenty-one of the twenty-six letters in the English

alphabet are consonants:
b
k
s
c
l
t
d
m
v
f
n
w
g
p
x
h
q
y
j
r
z
SINGLE CONSONANTS WITH ONLY ONE

SOUND
The fifteen consonants below generally have only one sound.
b
f
h
j
k
(bed)
(fan)
(hog)
(jab)
(kiss)
l (lump)
m (mud)
n (neck)
p (pat)
r (rub)
t (tub)
v (vine)
w (web)
y (yell)
z (zoom)
SINGLE CONSONANTS WITH MORE THAN

ONE SOUND
The six consonants below have more than one sound.

ONE SOUND: Sounds of c
The letter c can have the soft sound of c, as in:
cell
city
circus
C can also have the hard sound, like a k, as in:

can
actor
circus
What other words can you think of that are examples

of the soft sound of c? of the hard sound of c?

ONE SOUND: Sounds of g
The letter g can have the soft sound, like a j, as in:
gym
angel
magic
G can have the hard sound, as in:

game
guess
pig
What other words can you think of that are examples

of the soft sound of g? of the hard sound of g?

ONE SOUND: Sounds of d
The letter d usually sounds like the d in dot, as in:
date
side
bleed
Sometimes d can sound like j, as in:

educate
schedule
soldier

ONE SOUND: Sounds of q (qu)
The letter q is always followed by u in English. Qu
usually sounds like kw, as in:
queen
quilt
require
Sometimes qu sounds like k, as in:

antique
plaque
mosquito

ONE SOUND: Sounds of s
The consonant s usually sounds like the s in salt:
soup
unsafe
bus
Sometimes s sounds like z, as in the word those.

nose
reason
hers

ONE SOUND: Sounds of x
The consonant x usually sounds like ks:
fox
next
Mexico
When ex is followed by a vowel, it usually sounds like

gz.
exact
exam
exist
When x begins a word, it sounds like z, as in the word

Xerox.
THREE TYPES OF CONSONANT

COMBINATIONS
A consonant combination is two or more consonants that work
together. There are three kinds of consonant combinations:
Consonant blends: Combinations that blend the

sounds
of single consonants.
Example: screen
Consonant digraphs: Consonant pairs that
combine to
make a new sound.
Example: rough
Silent consonants: Consonants that are silent in
certain
combinations.
Example: lamb
TYPES OF CONSONANT COMBINATIONS

Consonant Blends
Consonant blends are two or more neighboring consonants
that keep their own sounds but are spoken together.
Example: monster
There are four major types of consonant blends:

1 Blends that begin with s
2 Blends that end in l
3 Blends that end in r
4 Other blends in the middle or at the end of a
word

Consonant Blends: Blends that begin with s
The consonant blends below begin with s. They are found
at the beginning and in the middle of words.
scsnst-
scrspstr-
sksplsw-
slspr-
smsqu-
Three of these blendssk, sp, stare also found at the

end of words.
Examples:
scrap
smog
wasp
sprout
best

Consonant Blends: Blends that end in l
The consonant blends below end in l. They may be at the
beginning or in the middle of a word.
bl-
Examples:
bless
cl-
fl-
gl-
pl-
clam
reflect
eagle
apply

Consonant Blends: Blends that end in r
The consonant blends below end in r. They may be at the
beginning or in the middle of a word.
brpr-
Examples:
broke
greed
pray
crtr-
dr-
fr-
increase
dream
afraid
contract
gr-

Consonant Blends: Other blends
Below is a list of other consonant blends that may appear
in the middle or at the end of a word.
-ft
-nk
Examples:
softly
bankbook
-ld
-nt
-lt
child
painting
meltdown
-mp
lamp
-nd
hand

Consonant Digraphs
A consonant digraph is a pair of consonants that combine together to make a new sound that is
very different from the sound of either of the two letters.
There are three types of digraphs:
1 Digraphs that sound like f: gh and ph
2 Digraphs with new sounds of their own: sh and th
3 A digraph with three sounds: ch

Consonant Digraphs: Digraphs that sound
like f
The diagraphs gh and ph each have the sound of the
single consonant f.
Examples of words in which gh sounds like f:
laughing
enough
tough
Examples of words in which ph sounds like f:

phone
dolphin
graph

Consonant Digraphs: Digraphs with new
sounds
The diagraph sh does not sound like any single letter.
It has a sound of its own.
Examples of words with the digraph sh:
show
washer
fish
The diagraph th can have the voiced th sound or

the unvoiced th sound.
Examples of words with the voiced th sound:
they
there
bathe
Examples of words with the unvoiced th sound:
third
thank
bath

Consonant Digraphs: A digraph with three
sounds
The diagraph ch has three different sounds. Most common

is the hard and short ch sound as in the word check.
Examples of words with the hard and short ch sound:

chip
chief
ranch
Sometimes, ch sounds like sh.

Examples of words in which ch sounds like sh:
chef
chute
Michelle
Finally, ch sometimes sounds like k.

Examples of words in which ch sounds like k:
chorus
character
chronic

Silent Consonants
In certain letter combinations, one of the consonants is
silent.
b is silent after m:
bomb
climb
c is silent before k:
deck
packer
g is silent before n:
gnaw
sign
h is often silent after w when wh begins a word:

whisper
white
w is often silent when a word begins with who:
who
whole
k is silent before n:
know
knife
w is silent before r:
wreck
unwrap
When two of the same consonant are next to each other,

one of them is silent:
add
narrow
CHAPTER REVIEW
Inthischapter,youlearnedthefollowing:
Fifteenconsonantshaveonlyonesoundwhentheystandalone:
b,f,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,r,t,v,w,y,andz.
Sixconsonantshavemorethanonesound:c,g,d,q,s,andx.
c certain,curtain
q queen,antique
g wage,wag
s soup,nose
d date,educate
x fox,exact,Xerox
Therearethreetypesofconsonantcombinations:
Consonantblends
Consonantdigraphs
Silentconsonants
(Chapter Review continues on next slide)
CHAPTER REVIEW, continued

Typesofconsonantcombinations:
Consonantblendsarecombinationsthatblendthesounds
ofsingleconsonants,suchasthefollowing:
Blendsbeginningwiths:
score,scrap,skate,slam,small,snore,spank,splash,
sprout,squeak,steel,street,swear
Blendsendingwithl:
bless,clam,flag,glad,play
Blendsendingwithr:
broke,crime,dream,free,greed,pray,train
Blendsattheendofasyllableorword:
lift,child,belt,dumpster,windbag,bankbook,wanting
(Chapter Review continues on next slide)
CHAPTER REVIEW, continued

Consonantdigraphsarepairsofconsonantsthatcombine
tomakeanewsound,suchasthefollowing:
Digraphsthatsoundlikef:
gh laughing
ph phone
Digraphswithsoundsoftheirown:
sh fish
th(voiced)their
Adigraphwiththreesoundsch:
chip chef
chorus
th(unvoiced)third
Silentconsonantsareconsonantsthatarenotpronounced
incertaincombinations,includingthefollowing:
mb comb
wr write
kn know
gn gnaw
ckdeck
whowhose
wh white
Twoconsonantstogether:bell,narrow,fuss

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GROUNDWORK FOR

2008 Townsend Press

Part I, Chapter One:

Phonics tells you

Twenty-one of the twenty-six letters in the English

SINGLE CONSONANTS WITH ONLY ONE

SINGLE CONSONANTS WITH MORE THAN

SINGLE CONSONANTS WITH MORE THAN

C can also have the hard sound, like a k, as in:

What other words can you think of that are examples

SINGLE CONSONANTS WITH MORE THAN

G can have the hard sound, as in:

What other words can you think of that are examples

SINGLE CONSONANTS WITH MORE THAN

Sometimes d can sound like j, as in:

SINGLE CONSONANTS WITH MORE THAN

Sometimes qu sounds like k, as in:

SINGLE CONSONANTS WITH MORE THAN

Sometimes s sounds like z, as in the word those.

SINGLE CONSONANTS WITH MORE THAN

When ex is followed by a vowel, it usually sounds like

When x begins a word, it sounds like z, as in the word

THREE TYPES OF CONSONANT

Consonant blends: Combinations that blend the

TYPES OF CONSONANT COMBINATIONS

There are four major types of consonant blends:

TYPES OF CONSONANT COMBINATIONS

Three of these blendssk, sp, stare also found at the

TYPES OF CONSONANT COMBINATIONS

TYPES OF CONSONANT COMBINATIONS

TYPES OF CONSONANT COMBINATIONS

TYPES OF CONSONANT COMBINATIONS

TYPES OF CONSONANT COMBINATIONS

Examples of words in which ph sounds like f:

TYPES OF CONSONANT COMBINATIONS

The diagraph th can have the voiced th sound or

TYPES OF CONSONANT COMBINATIONS

The diagraph ch has three different sounds. Most common

Examples of words with the hard and short ch sound:

Sometimes, ch sounds like sh.

Finally, ch sometimes sounds like k.

TYPES OF CONSONANT COMBINATIONS

h is often silent after w when wh begins a word:

When two of the same consonant are next to each other,

CHAPTER REVIEW, continued

CHAPTER REVIEW, continued

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