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    Brain

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    Wata Regaliza Parong
    This document discusses various ways that scientists study the brain, including accidents, lesions, CAT scans, PET scans, MRI, and fMRI. It then describes the main structures of the brain, including the hindbrain (medulla, pons, cerebellum), midbrain, and forebrain (thalamus, limbic system, cerebral cortex). Finally, it details the four lobes of the cerebral cortex - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes - and their functions.

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    Brain

    Uploaded by

    Wata Regaliza Parong
    117 views41 pages
    This document discusses various ways that scientists study the brain, including accidents, lesions, CAT scans, PET scans, MRI, and fMRI. It then describes the main structures of the brain, including the hindbrain (medulla, pons, cerebellum), midbrain, and forebrain (thalamus, limbic system, cerebral cortex). Finally, it details the four lobes of the cerebral cortex - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes - and their functions.

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    This document discusses various ways that scientists study the brain, including accidents, lesions, CAT scans, PET scans, MRI, and fMRI. It then describes the main structures of the brain, including the hindbrain (medulla, pons, cerebellum), midbrain, and forebrain (thalamus, limbic system, cerebral cortex). Finally, it details the four lobes of the cerebral cortex - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes - and their functions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    117 views41 pages

    Brain

    Uploaded by

    Wata Regaliza Parong
    This document discusses various ways that scientists study the brain, including accidents, lesions, CAT scans, PET scans, MRI, and fMRI. It then describes the main structures of the brain, including the hindbrain (medulla, pons, cerebellum), midbrain, and forebrain (thalamus, limbic system, cerebral cortex). Finally, it details the four lobes of the cerebral cortex - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes - and their functions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 41

    The Brain

    Ways we Study the Brain

    Accidents
    Lesions
    CAT Scan
    PET Scan
    MRI
    Functional MRI

    Accidents
    Phineas Gage Story
    Personality changed
    after the accident.
    What this this tell us?
    That different part
    of the brain control
    different aspects of
    who we are.

    Lesions
    Removal or
    destruction of
    some part of the
    brain.
    Frontal
    Lobotomy

    Electroencephalogram
    EEG
    Detects brain
    waves through
    their electrical
    output.
    Used mainly in
    sleep research.

    Computerized Axial Tomography


    CAT Scan
    3D X-Ray of the
    brain.
    Good for tumor
    locating, but tells
    us nothing about
    function.

    MagneticResonanceImaging
    MRI
    More detailed
    picture of brain
    using magnetic
    field to knock
    electrons off axis.
    Takes many still
    pictures and turns
    images into a movie
    like production.

    Positron Emission Tomography


    PET Scan
    Measures how much of a chemical the brain
    is using (usually glucose consumption).

    FunctionalMRI
    Combination of PET and MRI

    Brain Structures
    1. Hindbrain
    2. Midbrain
    3. Forebrain
    4. Cerebral
    Cortex (part
    or forebrain)

    Hindbrain
    Structures on top of our spinal cord.
    Controls basic biological structures.

    The brain in
    purple makes up
    the hindbrain.

    Medulla Oblongata
    Located just above
    the spinal cord.
    Involved in control
    of
    blood pressure
    heart rate
    breathing.

    Pons
    Located just
    above the
    medulla.
    Connects
    hindbrain with
    midbrain and
    forebrain.
    Involved in facial
    expressions.

    Cerebellum
    Bottom rear of
    the brain.
    Means little
    brain
    Coordinates
    fine muscle
    movements.

    Cerebellum

    Midbrain

    Coordinates simple
    movements with
    sensory information.
    Most important
    structure in Midbrain
    is the Reticular
    Formation: controls
    arousal and ability to
    focus our attention.

    If Destroyed

    If stimulated

    Forebrain
    What makes us
    human.
    Largest part of
    the brain.
    Made up of the
    Thalamus, Limbic
    System and
    Cerebral Cortex.

    Thalamus
    Switchboard of the
    brain.
    Receives sensory
    signals from the
    spinal cord and sends
    them to other parts
    of the forebrain.
    Every sense except
    smell.

    The Limbic System

    Hypothalamus
    Maybe most
    important structure
    in the brain.
    Controls and regulates
    Body temperature
    Sexual Arousal
    Hunger
    The most powerful
    Thirst
    structure in the brain.
    Endocrine System

    Rat with an Implanted


    Electrode in pleasure center
    of Hypothalamus

    Hippocampus
    Involved in the
    processing and
    storage of
    memories.

    Amygdala
    Involved in how
    we process
    memory.
    More involved
    in volatile
    emotions like
    The emotion of anger has
    anger.
    not changed much
    throughout evolution.

    The Cerebral Cortex


    Made up of densely
    packed neurons we
    call gray matter
    Glial Cells: support
    brain cells.
    Wrinkles are called
    fissures.
    If you lay brain out it
    would be as big as a
    large Pizza 2000
    pizza.

    Hemispheres
    Divided into to
    hemispheres.
    Contralateral
    control: right controls
    left and vice versa.
    In general,
    Left Hemisphere: logic
    and sequential tasks.
    Right Hemisphere:
    spatial and creative
    tasks.

    TheCerebralCortexismadeup
    offourLobes.

    Frontal Lobes
    Abstract thought and
    emotional control.
    Contains Motor Cortex:
    sends signals to our body
    controlling muscle
    movements.
    Contains Brocas Area:
    responsible for controlling
    muscles that produce
    speech.
    Damage to Brocas Area is
    called Brocas Aphasia:
    unable to make movements
    to talk.

    Motor and Sensory Cortexes

    Parietal Lobes

    Where would this


    girl feel the most
    pain from her
    sunburn?

    Contain Sensory
    Cortex: receives
    incoming touch
    sensations from
    rest of the body.
    Most of the
    Parietal Lobes are
    made up of
    Association Areas.

    Association Areas
    Any area not associated with receiving
    sensory information or coordinating muscle
    movements.

    Motor and Sensory Cortexes

    Occipital Lobes
    Deals with vision.
    Contains Visual
    Cortex: interprets
    messages from our
    eyes into images we
    can understand.

    Temporal Lobes
    Process sound sensed
    by our ears.
    Interpreted in
    Auditory Cortex.
    NOT LATERALIZED.
    Contains Wernike's
    Area: interprets
    written and spoken
    speech.
    Wernike's Aphasia:
    unable to understand
    language: the syntax
    and grammar jumbled.

    Specialization and Integration in Language

    Brain Activity when Hearing, Seeing,


    and Speaking Words

    Brain Plasticity
    The idea that the
    brain, when
    damaged, will
    attempt to find
    news ways to
    reroute messages.
    Childrens brains
    are more plastic
    than adults.

    The Corpus Callosum


    Divides the 2
    hemispheres.

    SplitBrainPatients
    Those who dues to
    epilepsy, have
    their corpus
    callosum removed.

    Testing the Divided Brain

    Decreasing Left-handers

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