Rosalina Q. de Sagun, M.D. Maria Antonia Aurora Moral - Valencia, M.D

Rosalina Q. De Sagun,M.D.
Maria Antonia Aurora Moral - Valencia,

M.D.
Seizure: is an abnormal excessive

neuronal discharge arising from the
brain capable of causing alteration in
function and/ or behavior.
Convulsion: is a type of seizure with a

motor component.
Epilepsy: Recurrent unprovoked seizures

(operational definition more than two).
Everyone is entitled to a diagnosis for

prognosis and management to be specific
and precise.
The diagnostic label epilepsy is

unsatisfactory for both physician and
patient because epilepsy is not a single
disease entity .
First: Are these epileptic seizures?
Second: What is their cause and what is the

epileptic syndrome?
Breath-Holding Spells
Benign Paroxysmal vertigo
Night terrors
Syncope
Shuddering attacks
Paroxysmal torticollis
Rage attacks
Masturbation
Hereditary chin trembling
Narcolepsy/Cataplexy
Paroxysmal Kinesigenic choreoathetosis
Pseudoseizures
Paroxysmal disorder
Altered neurological function (motor,
sensory, psychic, autonomic)
Abnormal cortical electrical discharge
Beginning and an end (sudden and
transitory)
Involuntary
History with an exact description of the event

Physical and Neurological Examination
Age of onset
Precipitating events: possible prenatal or
postnatal insults to the CNS such as trauma
and infections. Possible etiology of seizures.
Occurrence of prior seizures ( non-convulsive)
Classify the seizure
Family history of seizures
Look for physical and neurological signs

that may suggest a possible etiology.
Any signs of trauma, dysmorphic features,

signs of increased ICP or metabolic
disorders.
Serum glucose determination

Electrolytes
Drug screens
BUN and creatinine
Thyroid function tests
If the seizure is clearly related to a

metabolic disturbance an EEG is
unnecessary.
Treatment with antiepileptic drugs may be

needed to control seizures until the
underlying pathology responsible for the
acute encephalopathy has been corrected.
Classification of the seizure
Provide additional clues in making an

etiologic diagnosis
A normal EEG is of limited value and does

not rule out the fact that a seizure episode
has occurred
I. Partial seizure
A.
Simple partial seizure (consciousness
nintact)
B.
Complex partial seizure (with impairment of
consciousness)
C.
Partial secondarily generalized
II. Generalized seizures (bilaterally symmetrical and
without
local onset)
A.
Absence seizures
B.
Myoclonic seizures
C.
Clonic seizures
D.
Tonic seizures
E.
Tonic-clonic seizures
F.
Atonic seizures (astatic)
III.Unclassified epileptic seizures (inadequate or
incomplete data)
Consciousness is preserved
May have motor, sensory, somatosensory
or special sensory, autonomic or psychic
symptomatology.
No post-ictal confusion
Characterized by impairment of
consciousness and purposeless behaviors or
automatisms.
Warning signs or auras may occur
Simple evolving to GTC

Complex evolving to GTC
Simple evolving to complex evolving to GTC
Begin throughout both hemispheres,

more or less simultaneously
Do not have localized onset
Reflect generalized disturbance of
cortical function
Absence
Myoclonic seizures
Myoclonic jerks, single or multiple
Tonic-clonic seizures
Clonic seizures
Tonic seizures
Atonic seizures (astatic)
Brief ( less than 30 seconds)

With impairment of consciousness
No aura
No post-ictal symptoms
Typical EEG: generalized 3-4 Hz slow spike
and wave discharges
Fundamentally and pharmacologically
unique from other seizures
Brief jerks of whole body or individual

muscle groups, usually without
impairment of consciousness
Shock-like contractions are commonly
precipitated by the patients falling asleep
or awakening.
May evolve into a tonic-clonic seizure
Most common and most dramatic

Generalized stiffening followed by clonic
movements of the extremities
At the end of the seizure the patient
frequently falls into deep sleep.
Sudden loss or diminution of muscle tone

without apparent preceding myoclonic or
tonic events, lasting for 1-2 seconds
involving the head, trunk, jaw or limb
musculature.
History of event (witnesses and personal

recall)
Medical history Risks for epileptogenesis
General physical examination
Neurologic examination
Blood tests (toxicology)
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Video Telemetry
Brain scanning (MRI, CT-scan)
Other investigations
No Routine Laboratory requests
EEG
Neuroimaging: MRI > CT
Others for specific indications
CSF, head-up tilt table test and/or other
cardiologic work-up
endocrinological, metabolic, genetic work-up
neuropsychological investigations
Diffrential Diagnosis for other Paroxysmal

events
Differentiate Partial from Generalized
Seizures
Identification of certain Epilepsy Syndromes
Abnormal epileptiform activities

- absent in 10-40 % of epileptic patients
- present in 1-5 % of non epileptic people
Partial onset seizures especially in adults

Findings suggest of progressive
neurologic disease
Intractable seizures
Seizures increasing in frequency and
intensity despite adequate treatment.
MRI- has higher sensitivity than CT

Scan for structural epileptogenic foci.
Classification of epilepsies and epileptic

syndromes based on clusters of signs and
symptoms
Predominant seizure type (EEG and clinical)
Age of onset
Family history
Anatomic correlation
Precipitating factors
Severity
Chronicity
Prognosis
Age specific epileptic disorder

Occurs between 3-12 months, peaking at 4-7
months
Triad: Infantile spasm, mental retardation and
hypsarrythmia on EEG
Spasms are brief but recurrent
Flexor, extensor or mixed
Most are associated with perinatal injury
Triad of seizure disorder, mental retardation and

stypical petitmal on EEG
Seizure types are variable and mixed
Tonic seizures are the most frequent
Forms a continuum with Infantile spasm.
Seizures are usually resistant to treatment.
Common between 3- 13 years of age, peak at 910 years

Male preponderance
Occur more frequently in sleep
May begin as focal siezures 2-3 hours after falling
asleep and may generalize
Affected children are otherwise normal
Complete remission bt 15-16 years of age
EEG : characteristic centro-temporal spikes
Onset between 6-7 years

3 times more common in girls
Simple or complex
Simple: blank stares
Complex- associated with automatisms, clonic
jerks or change in tone.
Triggered by hyperventilation for no less than 3
minutes
Antiepileptic
Drugs (AEDs)
Avoidance of Predisposing Factors
Vagus nerve stimulation
Epilepsy Surgery
A seizure in association with a febrile illness

with a temperature greater than 38.4 C
( although the fever may not be evident until
after the seizure).
Without evidence of any causative disease
such as CNS infection, metabolic abnormality,
intoxication, etc., in children older than 1 month
of age without prior afebrile seizures.
Simple:
Short
Generalized
Occurs only once in a febrile illness.
Complex:
Prolonged (>15mins)
Focal
Recurrent within a 24 hour period.
About 2-3 % children worldwide will

experience at least 1 febrile seizure.
1/3 of them will have a second attack.
of those who have had a second attack will

have a third episode.
< 9 % altogether will experience more than 3

episodes.
More than 3 is already considered atypical

and requires further investigation.
Complex febrile seizures
Child is neurologically impaired ( e.x. CP or

has developmental delay.
Multiple risk factors: highest risk of

recurrence.
- > 2 risk factors : > 30 % risk of
recurrence
- 3 or more risk factors: > 60 % risk
Family history for febrile seizures.

Age younger than 18 months
The lower the maximum temperature at
occurrence the higher the risk.
The shorter duration or recognized fever
the higher the risk.
American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations

for Lumbar Puncture:
A must for children under 12 months.
Strongly recommended for children between 1218 months.
Not necessary in a child > 18 months.
First complex febrile seizures and or persistent
lethargy.
Strongly recommended for children who have
received prior antibiotic therapy.
Medications have been found effective in

preventing recurrences: Diazepam,
Phenobarbital and Valproic acid
Most
recommended: Intermittent diazepam

treatment at 0.5 mg/k per rectum every 12
hours or 0.2 mg/k per orem every 8 hours
during the febrile illness.
Most children however require no

treatment considering the benign nature
of the disease.
More important is educating and
counselling parents and caregivers of
children with FS.
Control fever which is the trigger for the
seizure
The risk of death , mental retardation and cerebral

palsy ( motor deficits) is no different from that of
the general population who do not experience
febrile seizures.
No difference were seen in the IQ scores and
performance on the Wide range Achievement
Tests between children with and without febrile
seizures.
Risk of epilepsy ranges from 2- 10% in the presence of

the following risk factors:
1. The child is neurologically impaired prior to the
seizure.
2. Positive family history for epilepsy.
3. Complex febrile seizures.
Risk of epilepsy after a first febrile seizure however is
no different from that of the general population.

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Rosalina Q. De Sagun,M.D.

Maria Antonia Aurora Moral - Valencia,

Seizure: is an abnormal excessive

Convulsion: is a type of seizure with a

Epilepsy: Recurrent unprovoked seizures

Everyone is entitled to a diagnosis for

The diagnostic label epilepsy is

First: Are these epileptic seizures?

Second: What is their cause and what is the

History with an exact description of the event

Look for physical and neurological signs

Any signs of trauma, dysmorphic features,

Serum glucose determination

If the seizure is clearly related to a

Treatment with antiepileptic drugs may be

Classification of the seizure

Provide additional clues in making an

A normal EEG is of limited value and does

Simple evolving to GTC

Begin throughout both hemispheres,

Myoclonic jerks, single or multiple

Brief ( less than 30 seconds)

Brief jerks of whole body or individual

Most common and most dramatic

Sudden loss or diminution of muscle tone

History of event (witnesses and personal

No Routine Laboratory requests

Diffrential Diagnosis for other Paroxysmal

Abnormal epileptiform activities

Partial onset seizures especially in adults

MRI- has higher sensitivity than CT

Classification of epilepsies and epileptic

Age specific epileptic disorder

Triad of seizure disorder, mental retardation and

Common between 3- 13 years of age, peak at 910 years

Onset between 6-7 years

A seizure in association with a febrile illness

About 2-3 % children worldwide will

1/3 of them will have a second attack.

of those who have had a second attack will

< 9 % altogether will experience more than 3

More than 3 is already considered atypical

Complex febrile seizures

Child is neurologically impaired ( e.x. CP or

Multiple risk factors: highest risk of

Family history for febrile seizures.

American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations

Medications have been found effective in

recommended: Intermittent diazepam

Most children however require no

The risk of death , mental retardation and cerebral

Risk of epilepsy ranges from 2- 10% in the presence of

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