Work Study 1

WORK DESIGN
By
P.PARTHIBAN
NIT
TRICHY
Content
Introduction
Importance of work study
Advantage of work study
Steps involved in work study
Objectives of Method study
Steps involved in Method study
Charts and diagram
Work study
Work study is a generic term for those
techniques, method study and work
measurement which are used in the
examination of human work in all its
contexts.
Which lead systematically to the
investigation of all the factors which
affect the efficiency and economy of the
situation being reviewed, in order to
effect improvement.
Importance of work
study
1. Work-study is a means of enhancing the
production efficiency (productivity) of the firm by
elimination of waste and unnecessary operations.
2. It is a technique to identify non-value adding
operations by investigation of all the factors
affecting the job.
3. It is the only accurate and systematic
procedure oriented technique to establish time
standards.
4. It is going to contribute to the profit as the
savings will start immediately and continue
throughout the life of the product.
5. It has got universal application.
Advantage of work study

1. It helps to achieve the smooth production flow
with minimum interruptions.
2. It helps to reduce the cost of the product by
eliminating waste and unnecessary operations.
3. Better worker-management relations.
4. Meets the delivery commitment.
5. Reduction in rejections and scrap and higher
utilisation of resources of the organisation.
6. Helps to achieve better working conditions.
7. Better workplace layout.
8. Improves upon the existing process or methods
and helps in standardisation and simplification.
9. Helps to establish the standard time for an
operation or job which has got application in
manpower planning, production planning.
Steps involved in work-study
Influence of method and time study on production

activities
Concept of work content

Basic work content
Excess work content
Reasons for excess work content
Work content added due to defects in
design or specification of a product
Bad design of the product.

Lack of standardisation of
components.
Incorrect specifications and quality
standards.
Faulty design of components.
Work content added due to

inefficient methods of
manufacture
Improper selection of a
manufacturing process/machine.
Wrong selection of tools.
Lack of process standardisation.
Improper layout of the
shop/factory.
Inefficient methods of material
handling.
Ineffective time added due to

shortcomings of the management
Bad working conditions.
Frequent production interruptions due to
breakdowns.
Poor production planning and control.
Lack of safety measures.
Lack of quality mindedness.
Improper communication (lack of
instructions).
Frequent changes in set-ups (smaller lot
size).
Lack of performance standards.
Shortage of materials/tools.
In effective time added due to

reasons attributed to work man
Unauthorized absence from work.
Substandard performance.
Carelessness in working.
Unnecessary wastage of time
(Idleness).
How manufacturing time is made up of
Techniques to reduce work content

Management techniques to reduce work
content due to product
Product Development
Standardization
Value analysis
Market research/consumer research
Management techniques to reduce

work content due to process or
methods
Process planning
Methods study
ineffective time due to management
Product standardisation and
simplification
Product specialization
PPC
Materials control

ineffective time within control of the
workers
Sound personnel policies
operators training
safety training
financial incentives
Method study
Method study is the systematic
recording and critical examination of
existing and proposed ways of doing
work as a means of developing and
applying easier and more effective
methods and reducing cost.
Objectives of method study

The improvement in efficiency is
achieved through:
I. Improved layout and design of
workplace.
2. Improved and efficient work
procedures.
3. Effective utilisation of men,
machines and materials.
4. Improved design or specification
of the final product.
objectives of method study

techniques are:
(i) To present and analyse true
facts concerning the situation.
(ii) To examine those facts
critically.
(iii) To develop the best answer
possible under given
circumstances based on critical
examination of facts
Steps involved in method study
Method study procedure
Job should be selected for the method study

based upon the following consideration
1. Economic Aspects
Bottleneck operations which are holding up

other production operations.
Operations involving excessive labour.
Operations producing lot of scrap or
defectives.
Operations having poor utilisation of resources.
2. Technical Aspects
The method study man should be careful enough to
select a job in which he has the technical knowledge
and expertise. A person selecting a job in his area of
expertise is going to do full justice
1. Job having in consistent quality.
2. Operations generating lot of scraps.
3. Frequent complaints from workers regarding the job.
3. Human Considerations
Method study means a change as it is going to affect
the way in which the job is done presently and is not
fully accepted by workman and the union.
1. Workers complaining about unnecessary and tiring
work.
2. More frequency of accidents.
3. In consistent earnings.
Method study symbols
Recording techniques
1. Charts
2. Diagrams
3. Templates and models
Charts
Operation process chart
Flow process chart
1.man type
2.material type
3.equipment type
Multiple activity chart
Two handed process chart
Travel chart
Simo chart
Diagram
1. Flow and string diagram
2. Models and materials
3. Cycle graph and chronocycle graph
Operation chart
Flow process chart
Two Handed Process Chart

to visualise the complete sequence of activities in a
repetitive task.
to study the work station layout.
Example of Two Handed Process Chart:
Multiple Activity Chart

It is a chart where activities of more
than subject (worker or equipment)
are each recorded on a common
time scale to show their interrelationship. Multiple activity chart
is made to
Study idle time of the man and
machines
Determine number of machines
handled by one operator
Determine number of operators
An Illustration of Multiple Activity

Chart
The operator engaged on the machine performs
the following operations:
1. Pick up the job, place it between the jaws of a
hydraulic vice (0.2 mm).
2. Make the switch ON to tightly hold the part
(0.08 mm).
3. Make the switch ON start automatic cycle of
the operation (0.08 mm).
4. Machining of the part on auto cycle (1.5 mm).
5. Wait till the vice opens automatically (0.08).
6. Pickup the machined job from the vice (0.05).
7. Keep it in the tray (0.05).
DIAGRAMS
The flow process chart
shows the sequence and nature of
movement but it does not clearly show the
path of movements. In the paths of
movements, there are often undesirable
features such as congestion, back tracking
and unnecessary long movements.
(i) To study the different layout plans and
thereby select the most optimal layout.
(ii) To study traffic and frequency over
different routes of the plant.
(iii) Identification of back tracking and
obstacles during movements
Diagrams are of two types:
1. Flow Diagram and 2. String Diagram.
Micro- Motion Study

Micro motion study involves the
following steps:
1. Filming the operation to be studied
2. Analysis of the data from the films
3. Making recording of the data.
SIMO CHART
Simultaneous motion cycle chart (SIMO
chart) is a recording technique for micromotion study.
It is the micro-motion form of the man
type flow process chart. To prepare simo
chart, an elaborate procedure and use of
expensive equipment are required and
this study is justified when the saving
resulting from study will be very high.
MEMO MOTION STUDY

Memo motion photography is a form of
time-lapse photography which records
activity by the use of cine camera adapted
to take picture at longer intervals than
normal (time interval normally lies
between 1/2 sec to 4 sec).
This is carried out by attaching an electric
time lapse unit to the cine camera so that
a picture is taken at an interval of time set
at any convenient unit between .5 sec to 4
sec in frequency.
CYCLE GRAPH AND CHRONOCYCLE GRAPH

These are the photographic techniques for the study of
path of movements of an operators hands, fingers, etc.
These are used especially for those movements which are
too fast to be traced by human eye.
PRINCIPLES OF MOTION ECONOMY

There are a number of principles concerning
the economy of movements which have been
developed as a result of experience and
which forms the basis for the development of
improved methods at the workplace.
These are first used by Frank Gilbreth, the
founder of motion study and further
rearranged and amplified by Barnes,
Maynard and others.
1 The principles are grouped into three
headings:
(a) Use of the human body.
(b) Arrangement of workplace.
(c) Design of tools and equipment.
Uses of Human Body When possible:

1. The two hands should begin and complete
their movements at the same time.
2. The two hands should not be idle at the same
time except during periods of rest.
3. Motions of the arms should be made
simultaneously.
4: Hand and body motions should be made at the
lowest classification at which it is possible to do
the work satisfactorily.
5. Momentum should be employed to help the
worker, but should be reduced to a minimum
whenever it has to be overcome by muscular
effort.
6. Continuous curved movements are to be
preferred to straight line motions involving
sudden and changes in directions.
Arrangement of the Workplace

Definite and fixed stations should be
provided for all tools and materials to permit
habit formation.
Tools and materials should be pre-positioned
to reduce searching.
Gravity fed, bins and containers should be
used to deliver the materials as close to the
point of use as possible.
Tools, materials and controls should be
located within a maximum working area and
as near to the worker as possible.
Materials and tools should be arranged to
permit the best sequence of motions.
Design of tools and equipment.

Drop deliveries or ejectors should be used wherever
possible, so that the operative does not have to use his
hands to dispose of finished parts.
Provision should be made for adequate lightning, and a
chair of type and height to permit good posture should be
provided.
The color of the workplace should contrast with that of
work and thus reduce eye fatigue
The hands should be relieved of all work of holding the
work piece where this can be done by fixture or foot
operated device.
Two or more tools should be combined where possible.
Where each finger performs some specific movement, as in
type writing, the load should be distributed in accordance
with the inherent capacities of the fingers.
THANK U

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WORK DESIGN

Advantage of work study

Steps involved in work-study

Influence of method and time study on production

Concept of work content

Bad design of the product.

Work content added due to

Ineffective time added due to

In effective time added due to

How manufacturing time is made up of

Techniques to reduce work content

Management techniques to reduce

Management techniques to reduce

Objectives of method study

objectives of method study

Steps involved in method study

Method study procedure

Job should be selected for the method study

Bottleneck operations which are holding up

Method study symbols

Flow process chart

Two Handed Process Chart

Multiple Activity Chart

An Illustration of Multiple Activity

Micro- Motion Study

MEMO MOTION STUDY

CYCLE GRAPH AND CHRONOCYCLE GRAPH

PRINCIPLES OF MOTION ECONOMY

Uses of Human Body When possible:

Arrangement of the Workplace

Design of tools and equipment.

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