Endocarditis
Endocarditis
Endocarditis
Objectives
Describe the incidence of IE in various
heart conditions.
Review the Duke criteria of infective
endocarditis
Review the indications for prophylaxis and
current recommendations for antimicrobial
therapy.
Review the efficacy and controversies in
IE prophylaxis.
Background
Relatively rare in children
Pre-antibiotic era: mortality was nearly
100%
Mortality approaches 15-25%
Epidemiology
Increasing incidence beginning in the 80s
Increasing number of surgical patients
Increasing number of complex congenital
heart disease
Increased use of prosthetic materials
NICUs and PICUs
Pathogenesis, Part 1
Damaged endothelium
undamaged endothelium not conducive to
bacterial colonization
endothelium can be damaged by high-velocity
flows
trauma to endothelium can induce
thrombogenesis, leading to nonbacterial
thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE). NBTE is
more receptive to colonization
No.
194
89
25
25
21
18
16
16
11
8
21.8
10.0
2.8
2.8
2.4
2.0
1.8
1.8
1.2
0.9
143
35
9
86
75
16.0
3.9
1.0
9.7
8.4
Berkowitz, FE: Infective endocarditis. IN Nichols EG, Cameron DE, Greeley WJ, et al (eds):
Critical Heart Disease in Infants and Children. St. Louis, Mosby-Year Book, 1995.
Pathogenesis, Part 2
Microorganism
No.
Streptococcus viridans
289
31.3
Staphylococcus aureus
225
24.4
Negative cultures
152
16.4
55
5.9
50
5.4
45
4.8
Strept pneumoniae
18
1.9
Fungi
14
1.5
Others
28
3.0
Berkowitz, FE: Infective endocarditis. IN Nichols EG, Cameron DE, Greeley WJ, et al (eds):
Critical Heart Disease in Infants and Children. St. Louis, Mosby-Year Book, 1995.
Microbiology
S. Viridans
Most common causative organism
Prosthetic valves
Within first year of surgery: Coag-negative staph
After first year: similar to native valve endocarditis
HACEK organisms
Hemophilus, Actinobacillus, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella,
Kingella
Frequently affect damaged valves and can cause emboli
Diagnosis
Traditionally based upon positive blood
cultures in the presence of a new or
changing heart murmur, or persistent
fever in the presence of heart disease.
Shortcomings include culture-negative
endocarditis, lack of typical
echocardiographic findings, etc.
Duke Criteria
Based on pathological and clinical criteria.
Utilizes microbiological data, evidence of
endocardial involvement, and other phenomenon
associated with infective endocarditis to estimate
the probability of infective endocarditis in a given
patient.
Has been shown to be valid and reproducible in
children
Durack DT, Lukes AS, Bright DK. New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization
of specific echocardiographic findings. AM J Med 96:200, 1994
Stockheim JA, Chadwick EG, Kessler S, et al. Are the Duke Criteria superior to the Beth Israel
criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis in children? Clin Infect Dis 27:1451, 1998
Duke criteria
Definitive
Pathological criteria
Microorganisms, or
Pathologic lesions
Clinical criteria
2 major criteria, or
1 major and 3 minor criteria, or
5 minor
Possible
Findings consistent with infective endocarditis that fall short of definitive but are not
rejected
Rejected
The echocardiogram in IE
Sequelae
Neurologic manifestations, 20%
Cerebral emboli, mycotic aneurysms,
cerebritis, brain abscess, hemorrhage, etc.
Peripheral embolization
Ischemia, infarction, mycotic aneurysms, etc
Pulmonary infarction
Renal insufficiency
Congestive heart failure
Treatment of infective
endocarditis
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Antimicrobial therapy should be
administered in a dose designed to give
sustained bactericidal serum
concentrations throughout much or all of
the dosing interval
In vitro determination of the minimum
inhibitory concentration of the etiologic
cause of the endocarditis should be
performed in all patients
Treatment of infective
endocarditis
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
The duration of therapy has to be
sufficient to eradicate microorganisms
growing within the valvular vegetations
The need for prolonged therapy in
treating endocarditis has stimulated
interest in using combination therapy to
treat endocarditis
Duration Comments
Vancomycin
30 mg/kg per 24 h IV 4 wks
vancomycin therapy is recommended for
hydrochloride
in two equally divided
patients allergic to beta lactams; peak
doses, not to exceed 2
serum concentrations of vancomycin should
gram/24h unless serum
be obtained one h after completion of the
levels are monitored
infusion and should be in the range of
30-45 mcg/mL for twice-daily dosing
ENTEROCOCCI
HACEK ORGANISMS
The indications for surgery in patients with nativevalve IE and prosthetic-valve IE are essentially the
same
Surgery is warranted for patients with active IE who
have one or more of the following complications:
CHF that is directly related to valve dysfunction
Persistent or uncontrolled infection while
receiving appropriate antimicrobial therapy,
including evidence of perivalvular extension
Recurrent emboli, particularly in the presence of
large vegetations
OUTCOME OF
The outcome of
surgery in patients with IE has been
SURGERY
good, particularly when surgical treatment is radical
with the removal of all infected and necrotic tissue
In a recent study of 138 patients who underwent
valve surgery in the presence of active infection, the
early mortality, due to heart failure or septic
multiorgan failure, was 11.5 %
Risk factors for early mortality were NYHA class IV
or cardiogenic shock, advanced age, preoperative
acute renal failure, and staphylococcal infection
Operation for infective endocarditis: Results after implantation of
mechanical valves. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 65:359.
Prevention of IE
No randomized controlled human trials which
definitively establishes the efficacy of antibiotic
prophylaxis.
Most cases of endocarditis are NOT attributable to
an invasive procedure
Current recommendations are based upon literature
analysis of procedure-related endocarditis,
prophylaxis studies in experimental animal models,
and retrospective analysis of human endocarditis
Dajani AS, Taubert KA, Wilson W, et al. Prevention of bacterial endocarditis:
Recommendations by the American Heart Association. JAMA 277;1794: 1997
Endocarditis prophylaxis
recommended
High-risk
Moderate-risk
Gastrointestinal
Sclerotherapy
Esophageal stricture dilation
ERCP with biliary obstruction
Surgery involving biliary tract or intestinal mucosa
Genitourinary tract
Prostatic surgery, cystoscopy
Urethral dilation
Endotracheal intubation
PE tubes
Flexible bronchoscopy
Gastrointestinal
Transesophageal echocardiography
Endoscopy (with or without biopsy)
Genitourinary tract
How about
Tattoos and Body piercing?
Ear piercing
Tattoos
5% of respondents had tattoos
No antibiotics or infections reported
Physicians
Majority of physicians did not approve of piercing or tattoos
60% felt that IE prophylaxis use was appropriate
Cetta F, Graham LC, Lichtenberg RC, Warnes CA. Piercing and tattooing
in patients with congenital heart disease. J Adolesc Health 1999;24:160