3 WCDMA Handover

WCDMA Handover
Principle and
Relevant
Parameters
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Foreword
Why mobile systems need handover?
It is decided by the characters of mobile system:
The mobility of UE
The mobile system is composed by cells which the

coverage ability is limited.
Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the

basic element in QoS.
Page2
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Know the basic definitions of Handover
The algorithms of handover decision
The handover flow
The parameters of handover
Page3
Contents
1.
Introduction of Handover
2.
Measurement of Handover
3.
The Basic Handovers
Page4
Contents
1.
2.
3.
The Basic Handovers
Page5
The Purpose of Handover
Providing the continuous service in mobile system is

the basic element in QoS
The load balance: sharing the resource
The hierarchy divided by speed and service: high

efficiency of using resource
Page6
The Basic Concepts of

Handover
maximum ratio
Active Set
combination
Monitored Set
selection combination
Radio Link (RL)
The soft handover gain
Radio Link Set
CPICH
Detected set
(RLS)
Page7
The Categories of Handover
According to the signaling characters
Soft handover (softer handover)
Hard handover
According to the properties of source cell and target cell:
Intra-frequency handover
Inter-frequency handover
Inter-RAT handover (UMTS GSM/GPRS)
According to the purpose of handover:
Based on Coverage
Based on Noncoverage
Page8
The Characters of Different

Handover
Comparison between soft handover and hard handover:
Item
The number of RLs in
Soft Handover
Hard Handover
Several
One
No
Yes
Only happened
Can be happened in Intra-
between Intra-
frequency cells or Inter-
frequency cells
frequency cells
active set after

handover
Interruption during
handover
The frequencies of cells
Page9
The Characters of Different

Handover
Comparison between soft handover and softer handover :
Item
UL combination
Soft Handover
Softer Handover
Signal combined in
Signal combined in NodeB by
RNC by selective
maximum ratio combination
combination
DL combination
Signal combined in
Signal combined in UE by
UE by maximum
maximum ratio combination
ratio combination
Page10
Soft Handover
RNC
NodeB 1
NodeB 2
Cell A
Cell B
Page11
Softer Handover
RNC
NodeB
Cell A
Cell B
Page12
Hard Handover
RNC
NodeB 1
NodeB 2
Cell A
Cell B
Page13
Three Steps of Handover

The following figure shows handover
procedure (measurement quality set to
PCPICH Ec/No)
Measure the CPICH Ec/N0 of the serving cell and
its neighboring cells as well as the relative time
difference between the cells
Measurement
Measurement phase
Decision
No
Execution
Are handover criteria satisfied?
Decision phase
Yes
Perform a handover and update relative parameters
Page14
Execution phase
Contents
1.
2.
3.
The Basic Handovers
Page15
Contents
2.
2.1 Measurement Control and Measurement Report
2.2 Measurement Phase
Page16
Measurement Control
UE
UTRAN
MEASUREMENT CONTROL
Measurement Control, normal case
Page17
Measurement Report
UE
UTRAN
MEASUREMENT REPORT
Measurement Control, normal case
Page18
Contents
2.
2.1 Measurement Control and Measurement Report
2.2 Measurement Phase
Page19
Measurement Model
parameters
parameters
Layer 1
filtering
Layer 3
filtering
C
C'
Evaluation
of reporting
criteria
A is measurement value at the physical layer
B is the measurement value after layer 1 filtering at physical

layer. The value goes from the physical layer to high layer
C is measurement after processing in the layer3 filter
C is another measurement value
D is measurement report information sent on the radio

interface or Iub interface
Page20
Measurement Quantity
Ec/No
RSCP
CPICH signal quality
CPICH signal level
RSSI
GSM cell signal level
Page21
Measurement Quantity
Configuration
IntraFreqMeasQuantity
Parameter name: Intra-frequency measure quantity
The default value of this parameter is Ec/No
InterFreqMeasQuantity
Parameter name: Inter-frequency measure quantity
The default value of this parameter is Both
MeasQuantityOf3A
Parameter name: 3A Measure Quantity
The default value of this parameter is RSCP
Page22
Layer 3 filtering
Fn (1 a ) Fn 1 a M n
Where:
Fn is the new measurement value after filtering.
Fn-1 is the last measurement value after filtering.
Mn is the latest measurement value from the

physical layer.
a = 1/2(k/2)
(k is set to Intra-freq meas L3 filter
coef)
Page23
Layer 3 filtering coefficient
FilterCoef
Parameter name: Intra-frequency measurement filter

coefficient
The default value of this parameter is D3
InterFreqFilterCoef
Parameter name: Inter-frequency measure filter coefficient
InterRATFilterCoef
Parameter name: Inter-RAT filter coefficient
Page24
Measurement Report Mode
Periodic Report
Event Trigger Report
Event to Periodic Report
Page25
Contents
1.
2.
3.
The Basic Handovers
Page26
Contents
3.
The Basic Handovers

3.1 Soft Handover
3.2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
3.3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
3.4 Inter-RAT Hard Handover
3.5 Blind Handover
Page27
Contents
3.
The Basic Handovers

3.1 Soft Handover
3.5 Blind Handover
Page28
Brief Introduction of Soft

Handover
Characters of Soft Handover
During handover, UE has several RLs with different cells
The handover among different cells which are in same RLS

can be softer handover
Signals from each RL will be combined in UL and DL.
Page29
Brief Introduction of Soft

Handover
Advantages
Soft handover gain
Decrease the possibility of call drop
Disadvantages
More resource needed in downlink
it may cause side-effect
Page30
Measurement of Soft Handover
Measurement quantity
CPICH RSCP
CPICH Ec/No
Reporting mode
Periodic reporting
Event trigger reporting
Event trigger reporting to Periodic reporting
Event type
1A,1B,1C,1D
Page31
Soft Handover Measurement

Events
Event
Description
1A
The PCPICH quality of the cells in the monitored set enters the
reporting range . This indicates that the quality of a cell is close to the
quality of the best cell . A relative high combined gain can be achieved
when the cell is added to the active set
1B
The PCPICH quality of the cells in the active set leaves the reporting
range. This indicates that quality of a cell is much worse than the
quality of the best cell. The cell should not stay in the active set
1C
A non-active PCPICH becomes better than an active PCPICH. This

indicates that the quality of a cell is close to the quality of the best cell.
In addition ,the number of cells in the active set has reached the
maximum value. The cell replaces the worst cell in the active set ; thus
achieving a higher combined gain
1D
Event of the change of the best cell
Page32
The Trigger Algorithm of 1A

Event
Event 1A is triggered on the basis of the following formula
NA
i (1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R1a H 1a / 2),

i 1
NA
10 LogM New CIONew W 10 Log
i (1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R1a H 1a / 2),

i 1
10 LogM New CIONew W 10 Log
Page33
Example of 1A Event
A: signal curve of the best cell in the active set

B: signal curve of a cell in the monitoring set
C: The 1A curve
Page34
Key parameters of 1A Event
INTRARELTHDFOR1ACS
Parameter name: CS service 1A event relative threshold
The default value of this parameter is 6 ( 3dB )
INTRARELTHDFOR1APS
Parameter name: PS service 1A event relative threshold
Page35
Key parameters of 1A Event
HYSTFOR1A
Parameter name: 1A event hysteresis
The default value of this parameter is 0( 0dB )
TRIGTIME1A
Parameter name: 1A event trigger delay time
The default value of this parameter is D320 ( 320ms )
Page36
The Trigger Algorithm of 1B

Event
Event 1B is triggered on the basis of the following formula
i (1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R1b H 1b / 2),

i 1
10 LogM Old CIOOld W 10 Log
NA
Page37
Example of 1B Event

B: signal curve of a cell in the monitoring set
C: The 1B curve
Page38
Key parameters of 1B Event
INTRARELTHDFOR1BCS
Parameter name: CS service 1B event relative threshold
INTRARELTHDFOR1BPS
Parameter name: PS service 1B event relative threshold
Page39
HYSTFOR1B
Parameter name: 1B event hysteresis
TRIGTIME1B
Parameter name: 1B event trigger delay time
Page40
The Trigger Algorithm of 1C

Event
Event 1C is triggered on the basis of the following formula
10 LogM New CIONew 10 LogM InAS CIOInAS H1c / 2,
Page41
Example of 1C Event

B: signal curve of a cell in the active set
C: signal curve of the worst cell in the active set
D: signal curve of a cell in the monitoring set
E: The 1C curve
Page42
Key parameters of 1C Event
HYSTFOR1C
Parameter name: 1C event hysteresis
TRIGTIME1C
Parameter name: 1C event trigger delay time
Page43
The Trigger Algorithm of 1D

Event
Event 1D is triggered on the basis of the following formula
10 LogM Notbest 10 LogM Best H1d / 2,
Page44
Example of 1D Event

B: signal curve of a cell in the active set or monitoring set
C: Th1D curve
Page45
Key parameters of 1D Event
HYSTFOR1D
Parameter name: 1D event hysteresis
TRIGTIME1D
Parameter name: 1D event trigger delay time
Page46
Other key parameters for SHO
Weight
Parameter name: Weighted factor
The default value of this parameter is 0
SHOQualmin
Parameter name: Min quality THD for SHO
The default value of this parameter is -24(-24 dB)
CELLINDIVIDALOFFSET
Parameter name: Cell offset
Page47
Contents
3.
The Basic Handovers

3.1 Soft Handover
3.5 Blind Handover
Page48
Brief Introduction of Intra-Frequency Hard

Handover
Characters of Intra-Frequency Hard Handover
During handover, UE has only one RL with one cell
Switch off the RL with the original cell, then setup the RL
with target cell
The frequency of source cell and target cell are same
Page49
Brief Introduction of Intra-Frequency

Handover
Advantages
Enhance the usage efficiency of the OVSF code and

hardware
Disadvantages
High call drop possibility because of the intra-frequency

interference
Page50
Key parameters of Intra-frequency Hard

handover
BEBITRATETHD
Parameter name: BE service handover rate threshold
The default value of this parameter is 384k
The Parameters about 1D Event
Time to trigger
Hysteresis
Page51
Contents
3.
The Basic Handovers

3.1 Soft Handover
3.5 Blind Handover
Page52
Brief Introduction of Inter-Frequency

Handover
Characters of Inter-frequency Hard Handover
The frequency of original cell and source cell are different
There is only one RL for the UE
The compressed mode is needed
Page53
Compressed Mode
Purpose
Measure the inter-frequency cell or Inter-RAT cell under FDD

mode
Categories
Downlink compressed mode
Uplink compressed mode
Realization Methods
SF/2
Higher layer scheduling
Page54
Measurement of Inter-frequency Handover
CPICH RSCP
CPICH Ec/No
Reporting mode
Periodic reporting
Event trigger reporting
Event trigger reporting to Periodic reporting
Event type
2B,2C,2D,2F
Page55
Inter-frequency Handover Measurement

Events
Event
2D
Description
When the current signal quality is lower than the preset
threshold , the UTRAN enables the compressed mode and starts
inter-frequency measurement
2F
When the current signal quality is higher than the preset

threshold, the UTRAN disables the compressed mode and stops
inter-frequency measurement
2B
When the current signal is lower than the preset threshold and
the signal quality of an inter-frequency neighbouring cell is
higher than the preset threshold , the UTRAN trigger an interfrequency handover based on coverage
2C
The estimated quality of a inter-frequency neighbor cell is higher

than the preset threshold
Page56
The Trigger Algorithm of 2D Event
Event 2D is triggered on the basis of the following formula
QUsed TUsed 2 d H 2 d / 2
Page57
Key parameters of of 2D Event
InterFreqCSThd2DEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS measure start Ec/No THD
The default value of this parameter is -14 dB
InterFreqPSThd2DEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS measure start Ec/No THD
Page58
Key parameters of of 2D Event
InterFreqCSThd2DRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS measure start RSCP THD
The default value of this parameter is -95 dBm
InterFreqPSThd2DRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS measure start RSCP THD
Page59
Key parameters of 2D Event
HYSTFOR2D
Parameter name: 2D event hysteresis
TRIGTIME2D
Page60
The Trigger Algorithm of 2F Event
Event 2F is triggered on the basis of the following formula
QUsed TUsed 2 f H 2 f / 2
Page61
Key parameters of 2F Event
InterFreqCSThd2FEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS measure stop Ec/No THD
InterFreqPSThd2FEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS measure stop Ec/No THD
Page62
InterFreqCSThd2FRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS measure stop RSCP THD
InterFreqPSThd2FRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS measure stop RSCP THD
Page63
HYSTFOR2F
Parameter name: 2F event hysteresis
TRIGTIME2F
Parameter name: 2F event trigger delay time
Page64
The Trigger Algorithm of 2B Event
Event 2B is triggered on the basis of the following formula
QNon used TNon used 2b H 2b / 2
, and
QUsed TUsed 2b H 2b / 2
Page65
InterFreqCovHOCSThdEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS target frequency trigger

Ec/No THD
InterFreqCovHOPSThdEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS target frequency trigger

Ec/No THD
Page66
InterFreqCovHOCSThdRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS target frequency trigger

RSCP THD
InterFreqCovHOPSThdRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS target frequency trigger

RSCP THD
Page67
IFHOUsedFreqCSThdEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS Used frequency trigger

Ec/No THD
The default value of this parameter is -12dB
IFHOUsedFreqPSThdEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS Used frequency trigger Ec/No

THD
Page68
IFHOUsedFreqCSThdRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS Used frequency trigger RSCP

THD
The default value of this parameter is -92dBm
IFHOUsedFreqPSThdRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS Used frequency trigger RSCP

THD
Page69
HYSTFOR2B
Parameter name: 2B event hysteresis
TRIGTIME2B
Parameter name: 2B event trigger delay time
Page70
The Trigger Algorithm of 2C Event
Event 2C is triggered on the basis of the following formula
QNon used TNon used 2 c H 2 c / 2
Page71
Key parameters of 2C Event
InterFreqNCovHOThdEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS target frequency trigger Ec/No

THD
Hystfor2C
Parameter name: 2C hysteresis
The default value of this parameter is 6 (3dB)
TrigTime2C
The default value of this parameter is D640 (640ms)
Page72
Contents
3.
The Basic Handovers

3.1 Soft Handover
3.5 Blind Handover
Page73
Brief Introduction of Inter-RAT

Handover
Characters of Inter-RAT Handover
Based on handover directions, inter-RAT handover is of

two types:
UMTS->GSM handover
UMTS->GSM coverage-based handover
UMTS->GSM load-based handover
UMTS->GSM service-based handover
GSM->UMTS handover
Page74
Brief Introduction of Inter-RAT

Handover
Advantages
For coverage, it can solve the problems from one

system to another system
For capacity, it can enhance the utilizing efficiency of

old equipments(2G->3G)
Disadvantages
The flow is complicated, and it demands higher

compatibility for equipments
Demands more complicated UE
Page75
Measurement of Inter-RAT
Handover
CPICH_Ec/N0
CPICH_RSCP
BOTH
Reporting mode
PERIODICAL_REPORTING
EVENT_TRIGGER
Event type
2D, 2F
3A, 3C
Page76
Inter-RAT Handover Measurement

Events
Event
Description
2D
When the signal quality of the currently used frequency is lower than
the preset threshold, the RNC enables the compressed mode and starts
inter-RAT measurement.
2F
When the signal quality of the currently used frequency is higher than
the preset threshold, the RNC disables the compressed mode and stops
inter-RAT measurement.
3A
When the signal quality of the currently used UMTS frequency is lower
than the preset threshold while the signal quality of any other system
is higher than the preset threshold, the RNC triggers UMTS->GSM
handover based on coverage.
3C
When the signal quality of any other system is higher than the preset
threshold, the RNC triggers UMTS->GSM handover based on load or
service.
Page77
The Trigger Algorithm of 2D

Event
Event 2D is triggered on the basis of the following
formula:
Q Used TUsed2d - H 2d / 2
Page78
Key Parameters of 2D Event
INTERRATCSTHD2DECNO
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS measure start Ec/No

THD
The default value of this parameter is -14 ( -14 dB )
INTERRATPSTHD2DECNO
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS measure start Ec/No

THD
Page79
INTERRATCSTHD2DRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS measure start RSCP THD
The default value of this parameter is -100 ( -100

dBm )
INTERRATPSTHD2DRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS measure start RSCP THD
The default value of this parameter is -110 (-110 dBm )
Page80
HYSTFOR2D
Parameter name: 2D hysteresis
The default value of this parameter is 4 ( 2 dB )
TRIGTIME2D
The default value of this parameter is D320 (320 ms )
Page81
The Trigger Algorithm of 2F

Event
Event 2F is triggered on the basis of the following
formula:
Q Used TUsed2f H 2f / 2
Page82
Key Parameters of 2F Event
INTERRATCSTHD2FECNO
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS measure stop Ec/No

THD
INTERRATPSTHD2FECNO
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS measure stop Ec/No THD
Page83
INTERRATCSTHD2FRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS measure stop RSCP THD
The default value of this parameter is -97 ( -97 dBm )
INTERRATPSTHD2FRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS measure stop RSCP THD
Page84
HYSTFOR2F
Parameter name: 2F hysteresis
TRIGTIME2F
The default value of this parameter is D1280 (1280

ms )
Page85
The Trigger Algorithm of 3A

Event
Event 3A is triggered on the basis of the following
formula:
Q Used TUsed3a H 3a / 2
M OtherRat CIOOtherRat TOtherRat H 3a / 2
Page86
Key Parameters of 3A Event
IRHOUSEDFREQCSTHDECNO
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS Used frequency trigger

Ec/No THD
IRHOUSEDFREQPSTHDECNO
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS Used frequency trigger

Ec/No THD
Page87
IRHOUSEDFREQCSTHDRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS Used frequency trigger

RSCP THD
The default value of this parameter is -97 ( -97 dBm )
IRHOUSEDFREQPSTHDRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS Used frequency trigger

RSCP THD
Page88
INTERRATCOVHOCSTHD
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS handover decision THD
The default value of this parameter is 16 ( -95 dBm )
INTERRATCOVHOPSTHD
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS handover decision THD
Page89
HYSTFOR3A
Parameter name: 3A hysteresis
TRIGTIME3A
Parameter name: 3A event trigger delay time
The default value of this parameter is D0 ( 0 ms )
Page90
CELLINDIVIDALOFFSET
Parameter name: Cell individual offset
Page91
The Trigger Algorithm of 3C

Event
Event 3C is triggered on the basis of the following
formula:
M OtherRat CIOOtherRat TOtherRat H 3c / 2
Page92
Key Parameters of 3C Event
INTERRATNCOVHOCSTHD
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS handover decision THD
INTERRATNCOVHOPSTHD
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS handover decision THD
The default value of this parameter is 21 (-90 dBm )
Page93
HYSTFOR3C
Parameter name: 3C hysteresis
TRIGTIME3C
The default value of this parameter is D640 ( 650 ms )
Page94
PENALTYTIMEFORINTERRATHO
Parameter name: Inter-RAT handover failure penalty

timer length
The default value of this parameter is 30 ( 30 s )
INTERRATHOATTEMPTS
Parameter name: Inter-RAT handover max attempt

times
The default value of this parameter is 16
Page95
INTERRATMEASTIME
Parameter name: Inter-RAT measure timer length [s]
The default value of this parameter is 60 ( 60 s )
Page96
Contents
3.
The Basic Handovers

3.1 Soft Handover
3.5 Blind Handover
Page97
Blind Handover Measurement
Blind handover means UE can directly handover

to the neighboring cell without measuring it.
Page98
10 LogM Old T1 f H 1 f / 2
Where:
MOld is the measurement value of the cell signal that

becomes worse
T1f is the absolute threshold of event 1F.
H1f is the hysteresis value of event 1F.
Page99

Measuremen
t Quantity
Cell 1
Absolute
Threshold T1f
1F Trigger
Delay Time
Hysteresis
H1f /2
Time
Reporting
event 1F
Page100
Key Parameters of Event 1F
INTRAABLTHDFOR1FECNO
Parameter name: 1F event absolute EcNo threshold
The recommended value is -24 dB
INTRAABLTHDFOR1FRSCP
Parameter name: 1F event absolute RSCP threshold
The recommended value is -115 dBm
Page101
Key Parameters of Event 1F
HYSTFOR1F
Parameter name: 1F hysteresis
The recommended value is 8, namely 4 dB
TRIGTIME1F
The recommended value is D640, namely 640 ms
Page102
Blind Handover Decision
After receiving event 1F of best cell from UE, the

RNC would check if blind handover neighbor is
configured for the cell.
If multiple blind handover neighbors are configured,

the RNC would perform blind handover to the target
cell with the highest priority
Page103
Key Parameters of Blind

Handover
BLINDHOFLAG
Parameter name: Blind handover flag
The default value is FALSE
BLINDHOPRIO
Parameter name: Blind handover Priority
The value is set according to actual situation.
Page104
Thank you
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WCDMA Handover

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Why mobile systems need handover?

It is decided by the characters of mobile system:

The mobile system is composed by cells which the

Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Know the basic definitions of Handover

The algorithms of handover decision

The handover flow

The parameters of handover

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Basic Handovers

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Basic Handovers

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Purpose of Handover

Providing the continuous service in mobile system is

The load balance: sharing the resource

The hierarchy divided by speed and service: high

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Basic Concepts of

Radio Link (RL)

The soft handover gain

Radio Link Set

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Categories of Handover

According to the signaling characters

Soft handover (softer handover)

According to the properties of source cell and target cell:

Inter-RAT handover (UMTS GSM/GPRS)

According to the purpose of handover:

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Characters of Different

Comparison between soft handover and hard handover:

Can be happened in Intra-

frequency cells or Inter-

active set after

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Characters of Different

Comparison between soft handover and softer handover :

Signal combined in NodeB by

maximum ratio combination

maximum ratio combination

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Three Steps of Handover

Are handover criteria satisfied?

Perform a handover and update relative parameters

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Basic Handovers

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Measurement Control, normal case

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Measurement Control, normal case