Acid Attack On Concrete

ACID ATTACK ON
CONCRETE
Presented by
Narasimhareddy komali
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Introduction
Attack due toH2SO4
Attack due to HNO3
Attack due to CH3COOH
Attack due to HCL
Attack due toH2CO3
Repair to attack
Conclusion
references
INTRODUCTION
Concretes made of Portland cement (OPC) are highly
alkaline with pH values normally above 12.5 and are

not easily attacked by acidic solutions.
At pH values lower than 12.5 portlandite is the first
constituent starting dissolution

If pH decreases to values lower than stability limits of
cement hydrates, then the corresponding hydrate loses

calcium and decomposes to amorphous hydrogel
The
final
reaction
products
of
acid
attack
are
the
corresponding calcium salts of the acid as well as hydrogels

of silicium, aluminum, and ferric oxides
ACID ATTACK
WEAK ACIDS
Acetic acid
Carbolic acid
Carbonic
acid
STRONG ACIDS
Hydrochloric
acid
Sulphuric acid
Sulphurous acid
Lactic acid
Nitric acid
Phosphoric
Hydroflouric
acid
Tannic acid
acid
Hydrobromic
SULPHURIC ACID
ATTACK
Sulphuric acid attack causes extensive formation of gypsum
in the regions close to the surfaces, and tends to cause

disintegrating mechanical stresses which ultimately lead to
spalling and exposure of the fresh surface.
The chemical reactions involved in sulphuric acid attack on
cement based materials can be given as follows:
Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 CaSO4.2H2O
3CaO.2SiO2.3H2O + H2SO4 CaSO4.2H2O + Si(OH)4
LOS ANGELES SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM
Deterioration of concrete pipe from H2S attack
Sulphuric
acid
is
highly
reactive
and
reacts
with
calcium
compounds to form gypsum which causes the concrete to soften,

ultimately leading to roof collapse.
Organic matter + SO42- S2- + H2O + CO2

S2- + 2H+ H2S
H2S + 2O2 H2SO4
NITRIC ACID ATTACK

Nitric acid usually occurs in chemical plants producing
explosives, artificial manure and similar products.

Nitric acid can be formed from the compounds and
radicals of nitrates in the presence of water

3NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO
Nitric acid attack can be represented by the following
equations;
2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(NO3)2.2H2O
Ca(NO3)2.2H2O + 3CaO.Al2O3.8H2O
3CaO.Al2O3. Ca(NO3)2.10H2O
Nitric acid attack is a typical acidic corrosion for
shrinkage of the corroded layer due to leaching

of highly soluble calcium nitrate.
Such volume contractions of the corroded layer,
especially for the case of nitric acid, can result

in the formation of visually observable cracks
across the corroded layer.
Variation of compressive strength with acid

concentration (mix ratio 1:1.5:3, W/C = 0.65)
ACETIC ACID ATTACK

Concrete in use in agricultural applications may be
attacked by the silage effluents containing mainly

acetic and lactic acid.
Acetic acid reacts with cement hydration products
to form calcium acetate
2CH3COOH + Ca(OH)2 Ca(CH3COO)2 + 2H2O
2CH3COOH + C-S-H SiO2 + Ca(CH3COO)2 +

2H2O
Chemical compositions of the core layers in both acetic and
nitric acid attacks are similar

The chemical composition of the corroded layer is different
from that in nitric acid solution of the same concentration

due to higher pH values of the acetic acid solution, and due
to its buffering effect in corroded layer.
In lower concentrations of both acetic and nitric acid
solutions, e.g. 0.025 mol l-1, results in the formation of an

additional zone, called as core-layer, which is relatively
hard and located behind the corroded layer
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
ATTACK
The
chemicals formed as the products of
reaction
between
hydrochloric
acid
and
hydrated cement phases are some soluble salts

and some insoluble salts
Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + 2H2O
By hydroxide mixture zone, he referred to a
layer formed by undissolved salts seen as a

dark brown ring.
CARBONIC ACID ATTACK

Carbonic acid attack usually occurs in the case of buried
concrete structures exposed to acidic ground water fro

a long time
Atmospheric carbon dioxide absorbed by rain enters
ground water as carbonic acid

Factors affecting the rate of carbonic acid attack are;
Quality of concrete
Concentration of aggressive carbon dioxide
External exposure conditions
When concrete is exposed to carbonic acid, a
reaction producing
carbonates take
place
which is accompanied by shrinkage

However, continued carbonation may cause a
reduction in alkalinity of the cement paste

which can be a serious problem not only in depassivation and corrosion of steel bars but
also in dissolution of cement hydrates.
DWORSHAK
NATIONAL FISH
HATCHERY
ACI 210.1R-94
Deterioration
of
concrete surface of a
tank carbonic acid
Repaired area
The
Dworshak reservoir collects snow
melt runoff and releases the pure water

during
the
seasonal
incubation
and
rearing phase of the hatchery production

There was high concentration of dissolved
carbon dioxide in the collected water

pH of the collected water was 6.5-7.4
FALLING OF COVER DUE TO

CORROSION OF REINFORCEMENT
Concrete Corrosion Above Water Level

at Adjoining Effluent Trough Segments
19
Concrete Corrosion on Exposed Effluent

Trough Surfaces
Concrete Corrosion in Sludge Valve Box

21
Corroded Drain Pipe

22
Repair Systems and Procedures

For deteriorated concrete
For non-deteriorated concrete and new
concrete
23
For Deteriorated Concrete

Clean and remove loose concrete
from the surface with high pressure

water jetting, 10,000 psi, or
sandblasting.
If reinforcing bars are exposed and
corroded, chip out concrete to

expose around the bars.
Apply a migrating corrosion inhibitor
24
Rebuild the deteriorate surfaces:

Apply an underlayment with a fast-setting,
high early strength, Portland-based

resurfacing material to restore damaged
concrete surfaces where required.
Underlayment should be trowelable or
sprayable formulation for dimensional

rebuilding.
25
Apply an epoxy aggregate filled mortar
intermediate coat (125 mils) by trowelling on

the rebuilt surfaces.
Provide final lining with spray apply sealer
over aggregate filled epoxy base layer.

Minimum thickness of lining should be two (2)
coats of 30-mils each. The sealer provides the
substrate for chemical and water resistance.
Perform spark testing to check for voids or
defects in coating. Repair defects.

26
Troweling underlayment to restore damaged concrete surfaces .
Underlayment with broom finish.
Underlayment with spray finish.
Spray apply final lining (sealer) on ceiling and walls.
30
Application of final lining (sealer coat) on
31
For Non-Deteriorated Concrete and

New Concrete
Clean the concrete surface with with high
pressure water jetting, 10000 psi, or

sandblasting.
Apply a migrating corrosion inhibitor on the
surface.
Trowel in an epoxy filler compound specifically
designed to fill small voids, bugholes and

irregularities in concrete surfaces to provide a
smooth surface.
32
Filler compound must be compatible with the
protective lining.
Provide final lining with spray apply sealer
over aggregate filled epoxy base layer.

Minimum thickness of lining should be two
(2) coats of 30-mils each. The sealer
provides the substrate for chemical and
water resistance.
Perform spark testing to check for voids or
defects in coating. Repair defects.

33
Surface preparation by sandblasting and grinding .
34
Application of filler epoxy compound to fill small

voids, bug holes and irregularities on beam.
35
Application of filler epoxy compound to fill small voids,

bug holes and irregularities on trough walls.
36
Hand rolling of final lining (sealer coat) on
Partial coating of final lining (sealer
38
Pinholes in sealer coating.
39
Spark testing to detect defects

and pinholes in sealer coating.
40
CONCLUSIONS
In the case of sulphuric acid attack, although the
formation of gypsum has been reported frequently,

there is no agreement on its consequences
Attack
by Acetic acid resembles the process of

corrosion in nitric acid. However the growth of the
corroded layer in solutions of acetic acid is relatively
slower than that in the same concentrations of nitric
acid solution
The chemical composition of the corroded layer is
different from that in nitric acid solution of the same

concentration due to higher pH values of the acetic
acid solution
REFERENCES
Mark G. Richardson, Fundamentals of Durable Reinforced
Concrete, 2002
Ali Allahverdi and Frantisek skvara, Acidic corrosion of
hydrated cement based materials, 2000, Institute of
chemical technology, Department of glass and ceramics
Compendium of Case Histories on Repair of ErosionDamaged Concrete in Hydraulic Structures, ACI 210.1 R-94
(reapproved 1999)
Kolapo O. Olusola and Opeyemi Joshua, Effect of Nitric Acid
Concentration on the Compressive Strength of Laterized
Concrete, Vol. 2, No. 10, 2012
Emmanuel K. Attiogbe and Sami H. Rizkalla, Response of
concrete to sulphuric acid attack, 1989, ACI Material
journal, Title no. 85-M46

Acid Attack On Concrete

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ACID ATTACK ON

alkaline with pH values normally above 12.5 and are

constituent starting dissolution

cement hydrates, then the corresponding hydrate loses

corresponding calcium salts of the acid as well as hydrogels

in the regions close to the surfaces, and tends to cause

cement based materials can be given as follows:

Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 CaSO4.2H2O

3CaO.2SiO2.3H2O + H2SO4 CaSO4.2H2O + Si(OH)4

LOS ANGELES SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM

Deterioration of concrete pipe from H2S attack

compounds to form gypsum which causes the concrete to soften,

Organic matter + SO42- S2- + H2O + CO2

NITRIC ACID ATTACK

explosives, artificial manure and similar products.

radicals of nitrates in the presence of water

Nitric acid attack is a typical acidic corrosion for

shrinkage of the corroded layer due to leaching

especially for the case of nitric acid, can result

Variation of compressive strength with acid

ACETIC ACID ATTACK

attacked by the silage effluents containing mainly

to form calcium acetate

2CH3COOH + Ca(OH)2 Ca(CH3COO)2 + 2H2O

2CH3COOH + C-S-H SiO2 + Ca(CH3COO)2 +

Chemical compositions of the core layers in both acetic and

nitric acid attacks are similar

from that in nitric acid solution of the same concentration

solutions, e.g. 0.025 mol l-1, results in the formation of an

chemicals formed as the products of

hydrated cement phases are some soluble salts

layer formed by undissolved salts seen as a

CARBONIC ACID ATTACK

concrete structures exposed to acidic ground water fro

ground water as carbonic acid

When concrete is exposed to carbonic acid, a

which is accompanied by shrinkage

reduction in alkalinity of the cement paste

Dworshak reservoir collects snow

melt runoff and releases the pure water

rearing phase of the hatchery production

carbon dioxide in the collected water

FALLING OF COVER DUE TO

Concrete Corrosion Above Water Level

Concrete Corrosion on Exposed Effluent

Concrete Corrosion in Sludge Valve Box

Corroded Drain Pipe

Repair Systems and Procedures

For Deteriorated Concrete

from the surface with high pressure

corroded, chip out concrete to

Rebuild the deteriorate surfaces:

high early strength, Portland-based

sprayable formulation for dimensional

Apply an epoxy aggregate filled mortar

intermediate coat (125 mils) by trowelling on

over aggregate filled epoxy base layer.

defects in coating. Repair defects.