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    Coombs Test

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    PatNoppadol
    The Coombs test, also known as the antiglobulin test (AGT), detects antibodies in a person's blood that can cause hemolysis or destruction of red blood cells. There are two types of Coombs tests: direct and indirect. The direct Coombs test detects antibodies that are already attached to the surface of the red blood cells, while the indirect Coombs test detects antibodies that are circulating in the blood and not yet bound to red blood cells. A positive Coombs test result can indicate conditions like autoimmune hemolytic anemia, erythroblastosis fetalis, drug-induced hemolytic anemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, or a transfusion reaction.

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    Coombs Test

    Uploaded by

    PatNoppadol
    647 views13 pages
    The Coombs test, also known as the antiglobulin test (AGT), detects antibodies in a person's blood that can cause hemolysis or destruction of red blood cells. There are two types of Coombs tests: direct and indirect. The direct Coombs test detects antibodies that are already attached to the surface of the red blood cells, while the indirect Coombs test detects antibodies that are circulating in the blood and not yet bound to red blood cells. A positive Coombs test result can indicate conditions like autoimmune hemolytic anemia, erythroblastosis fetalis, drug-induced hemolytic anemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, or a transfusion reaction.

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    Coombs Test

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    The Coombs test, also known as the antiglobulin test (AGT), detects antibodies in a person's blood that can cause hemolysis or destruction of red blood cells. There are two types of Coombs tests: direct and indirect. The direct Coombs test detects antibodies that are already attached to the surface of the red blood cells, while the indirect Coombs test detects antibodies that are circulating in the blood and not yet bound to red blood cells. A positive Coombs test result can indicate conditions like autoimmune hemolytic anemia, erythroblastosis fetalis, drug-induced hemolytic anemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, or a transfusion reaction.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    647 views13 pages

    Coombs Test

    Uploaded by

    PatNoppadol
    The Coombs test, also known as the antiglobulin test (AGT), detects antibodies in a person's blood that can cause hemolysis or destruction of red blood cells. There are two types of Coombs tests: direct and indirect. The direct Coombs test detects antibodies that are already attached to the surface of the red blood cells, while the indirect Coombs test detects antibodies that are circulating in the blood and not yet bound to red blood cells. A positive Coombs test result can indicate conditions like autoimmune hemolytic anemia, erythroblastosis fetalis, drug-induced hemolytic anemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, or a transfusion reaction.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 13

    COOMB'S TEST

    = also known as
    antiglobulin test
    or
    AGT

    AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA


    = rare type of anemia which results in the
    development of antibodies against an
    individual's red blood cells.
    two kinds ofblood teststhat can detect
    the presence of these antibodies.
    = used in immunohematology and immunology.

    a) direct Coomb's test


    (direct antiglobulin testorDAT),
    b) indirect Coomb's test
    (indirect antiglobulin testorIAT)

    Mechanism of lysis:
    In certain diseases or conditions an
    individual's blood may contain IgG antibodies
    that can specifically bind to antigens on the
    RBC surface membrane.
    These circulating RBCs can become coated
    with IgG alloantibodies and/or IgG
    autoantibodies.
    Complement proteins may subsequently bind
    to the bound antibodies and cause RBC
    destruction.

    >Alloanitbody
    - an antibody produced following introduction of
    an alloantigen into the system of an individual of
    a species lacking that particular antigen
    - an antibody that reacts with an antigen from
    a genetically different individual of the same
    species,(example: thru transfusion reactions)
    >Autoantibody
    - an antibody active against a tissue constituent
    of the individual himself. (self against self)

    Antibodies are produced by B cells in two ways:


    (i) randomly,
    (ii) in response to a foreign protein or
    substance within the body.
    = In either case, the B cell is allowed to
    proliferate or is killed off through a process
    called clonal deletion.
    * Normally, the immune system is able to
    recognize and ignore the body's own healthy
    proteins, cells, and tissues, and do not
    overreact to non-threatening substances in
    the environment, such as foods.

    Sometimes, however, the immune system


    ceases to recognize one or more of the body's
    normal constituents as "self," leading to
    production of pathological autoantibodies.
    Autoantibodies attack the body's own healthy
    cells, tissues, and/or organs, causing
    inflammation and damage.
    Some autoantibodies may also play a
    nonpathological role; for instance they may
    help the body to destroy cancers and to
    eliminate waste products.

    *Coombs Test
    = done to check if antibodies have
    developed as a result of some disease or a
    consequence of blood transfusion.
    Direct Coomb's test
    = test for autoimmune hemolytic anemia
    = also conducted on an Rh-positive new
    born baby whose mother is Rh-negative.
    identifies the presence of mothers
    antibodies in Rh-positive baby (transferred
    through placenta)

    Indirect Coombs test


    = used in prenatal testing
    = used in testing blood prior to a blood
    transfusion.
    *most often done to determine for
    reactions to a blood transfusion.

    Direct Coomb's test


    = conducted on a sample of RBCs from the
    patient.
    = detects antibodies that are already present
    on the surface of RBC,
    Indirect Coomb's test
    = conducted on the serum;
    = aims to detect antibodies against RBCs
    that are present unbound in the patient's
    serum that could potentially attach
    themselves to the RBCs

    Direct Coombs test:


    a) blood sample is taken
    b) RBCs are washed (removing the patient's
    own plasma)
    c) and then incubated with
    antihumanglobulin (also known as
    "Coombs reagent").
    Indirect Coombs test:
    a) serum is extracted from the blood sample
    b) the serum is incubated with RBCs of
    known antigenicity (RBCs with known
    reference values from other patient blood
    samples)

    Interpretation of Test Results


    Normal direct Coomb's test result
    = negative test result. NO AGGLUTINATION
    Abnormal result,
    = positive direct Coomb's test result.
    The presence of these antibodies could be due :
    a) autoimmune hemolytic anemia,
    b) Erythroblastosis fetalis
    (Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn)
    c) drug induced hemolytic anemia,
    c) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
    d) transfusion reaction

    other conditions with (+) DAT


    = mononucleosis,
    = syphilis,
    = high prevalence in patients with HIV antibodies
    = ***senior citizens

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