Panduan Deskripsi Batuan Sedimen

Sedimentary Rocks
Petrography
Role of Petrography on Reservoir Quality

Assessment
Core & Log data
Thin Section
Analysis
Reservoir Pore
geometry
Reservoir Property
(, K, Sw)
Composition
Reservoir
Quality
Texture
Cement
Porosity
Fabric
Sed.
Structure
Microfacies
Lithofacies
Dep. Env &

Facies Group
Core, Paleontology, Log

& Image data
Reservoir
Distribution
& Geometry
Seismic & Well data
Clast size indicates ancient relative current velocity
Detrital Sediments & Sedimentary Rocks

gravel
&
conglomerate
sand
&
sandstone
clay, silt
&
mudstone
Sorting
Angularity Classification
egree of roundness helps in knowing the distance of transportation
Angular clasts- short distance transport from the source

Rounded clasts- long distance transport
Sedimentary Fabric
Grain contacts
The diagram (after Taylor, 1950) shows the
various types of grain contacts found in
sandstones. You will often find more than
one type in a single thin section, but are
unlikely to find all four types together.
Grain contacts start off as tangential

(point) contacts.
As
the
sediment
is
buried
and
compacted, grains are rotated and
pushed closer together, and pore space
is reduced: long contacts become
common.
With further compaction, softer grains

are compacted around harder ones, and
grains start to dissolve in the pore
waters at their contacts (grain contact
dissolution *): concavo-convex contacts
become important.
As grain-contact dissolution continues,

grain boundaries become irregular or
sutured, and original grain shapes are
destroyed. Eventually all the contacts
are sutured, and all the porosity is
destroyed.
Classification of the different types of porosity
Time of formation
Primary or depositional
Secondary or postdepositional
Type
Origin
Intergranular or interparticle
Intragranular or intraparticle
Sedimentation
Intercrystalline
Fenestral
Cementation
Vuggy
Moldic
Solution
Fracture
Tectonics,
Compaction,
Dehydration,
Diagenesis
Two Types of Primary Porosity
Intergranular
porosity
Intragranular porosity
Type of Secondary
Porosity
Sketch of a thin section showing

moldic and
vuggy porosity in a limestone
Sketch of a thin section showing of

crystalline
dolomite reservoir showing intercrystalline
porosity
Type of Secondary Porosity
Silica, Calcite
Sketch of a slabbed core

showing fracture porosity
Fracture porosity infilled

By cementation
Porosity
Permeability
Effect of grain size on porosity and permeability
Porosity
Permeability
Effect of sorting on porosity and permeability
Porosity & Permeability
Estimating Textural Maturity

Immature
Poor sorting
Angular grains
High matrix content
Mature
No matrix
Moderate-good sorting
Degree of rounding
Supermature
No matrix
Very good sorting
High degree of roundness
Maturity
Maturity
Product composition
monocrystalline quartz (single crystal lattice for entire grain),

polycrystalline quartz (two or more crystals of quartz within the grain),
chert (cryptocrystalline quartz forming the grain).
Sandstones
There are basically two reasons for this. First, sandstones are easily studied because
they contain sand sized grains that can easily be distinguished with a petrographic
microscope. Second, most of the world's oil and natural gas is found in sands or
sandstones because of their generally high porosity.
Classification
For this course we will use a classification of sandstones that is partially based on
Blatt and Tracey (p. 257) and partially basedon Williams, Turner, and Gilbert (p.
326). Sandstones that contain less than 10% clay matrix are called arenites.
These can be subdivided based on the percentages of Quartz, Feldspar, and unstable
lithic fragments (fragments of preexisting rock).
A feldspar-rich sandstone is called an arkose.
If the rock has between 10 and 50% clay matrix, the rock is called a wacke.
The term graywacke is seldom used today, but was originally used to describe a lithicrich sandstone with between 10 and 50% mica, clay, or chlorite matrix. Rocks with
greater than 50% clay matrix are called sandy mudstones, and will be discussed in the
lecture on mudrocks.
Siliciclastic Sedimentary Rocks: Sandstones
Thin Section Analysis
Hornblende
Amphiboles; Double-chain Silicates
Monoclinic (-,+)
Relief moderate, Colour - green or brown (oxy-hornblende) ,RI 1.61-1.76 , Birefringence - 0.02 , Interference colours - 2nd-3rd
order, masked by the body colour , Extinction - inclined, complete,
Comments - simple twinning is common
perfect cleavage
in hornblende
PPL
Fish Canyon Tuff
euhedral crystal of hornblende showing

pleochroism as the crystal is roataed through
90. This crystal also shows concentric zoning.
PPL
Fish Canyon Tuff
Glauconite
Glauconite is an iron-rich clay, restricted to marine
environments. It forms grains composed of finely
crystalline, bright green coloured clay-size particles and
looks very similar in XPL to its appearance in PPL. The
green colouration makes this distinctive in marine
sediments.
British Cretaceous Greensand
Biotite
Mica; Sheet Silicates
Monoclinic (-)
Relief moderate ;Colour - brown or green ;RI - 1.53-1.696
Birefringence - 0.028-0.08 ;Interference colours - 2nd-3rd
order, masked by the body colour ;Extinction - straight,
mottled ;Comments - alters to green chlorite, often contains
inclusions of accessory phases
c-axis parallel section (left)

and subhedral basal section
(right) of brown biotite.
Note the presence of the
one perfect cleavage on the
c-axis parallel section and
its absence on the basal
section.
The
colourless
inclusions in the basal
section are apatite.
PPL
Plagioclase
Framework Silicates
triclinic (+,-)
Relief low; Colour colourless ; RI - 1.527-1.590;
Birefringence - 0.012-0.013; Interference colours - 1st
order; Extinction inclined; Comments - show multiple
'albite' twinning; alters to montmorrillonite or kaolinite
anhedral crystal of
plagioclase
XPL
Plagioclase with
carlsbadalbite twins
XPL
gabbro
plagioclase
XPL
Fish Canyon Tuff
Orthoclase
Framework Silicates
triclinic (+,-)
Relief low; Colour colourless; RI Birefringence - 0.006-0.012; Interference
orderExtinction inclined; Comments simple 'Carlsbad' twinning; alters to the
illite, kaolinite and montmorrillonite.
Carlsbad twinned
crystal of orthoclase
XPL
Fish Canyon Tuff
Fragments of
orthoclase, showing
concentric zoning
XPL
Fish Canyon Tuff
1.518-1.539;
colours - 1st
Often shows
clay minerals
zoned crystal of
orthoclase
XPL
Fish Canyon Tuff
Microcline
Feldspar Group
monoclinic (-)
Relief low ; Colour colourless; RI - 1.518-1.529;
Birefringence - 0.006-0.010; Interference colours - low first
order.; Comments - shows cross-hatched, 'tartan', multiple
twins.
The typical appearance of microcline

in a granite with 'Tartan Twins'
XPL
Granite
Classificati
on
of
Carbonates
Calcite
Carbonate
trigonal (-)
Relief - variable; low to moderate; Colour colourless;
RI - 1.658-1.486; Birefringence - 0.172; Interference
colours - 4th order; Extinction - inclined
calcite
PPL
calcite
XPL
Loch Borrolan Carbonatite
Loch Borrolan Carbonatite
Dolomite
Dolomite occurs frequently as a diagenetic alteration of calcite. Like the other carbonate
minerals, dolomite has variable relief in PPL and extreme birefringence in XPL. Secondary
dolomite often forms a mosaic of rhombic crystals, as shown below.
50x PPL
100x PPL
Dolomite and
Glauconite
25x XPL
Dolomite

Panduan Deskripsi Batuan Sedimen

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Sedimentary Rocks

Role of Petrography on Reservoir Quality

Dep. Env &

Core, Paleontology, Log

Seismic & Well data

Clast size indicates ancient relative current velocity

Detrital Sediments & Sedimentary Rocks

egree of roundness helps in knowing the distance of transportation

Angular clasts- short distance transport from the source

Grain contacts start off as tangential

With further compaction, softer grains

As grain-contact dissolution continues,

Classification of the different types of porosity

Two Types of Primary Porosity

Sketch of a thin section showing

Sketch of a thin section showing of

Type of Secondary Porosity

Sketch of a slabbed core

Fracture porosity infilled

Porosity & Permeability

Estimating Textural Maturity

monocrystalline quartz (single crystal lattice for entire grain),

Siliciclastic Sedimentary Rocks: Sandstones

Thin Section Analysis

euhedral crystal of hornblende showing

British Cretaceous Greensand

c-axis parallel section (left)

The typical appearance of microcline

Loch Borrolan Carbonatite

Loch Borrolan Carbonatite

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