NSN 3g Radio Planning

3G
3G Radio
Radio
Network
Network
Planning
Planning
Fundamentals
Fundamentals
--Day
Day22-1
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Agenda Day 2
Radio Resource Management
Pre-Launch Optimisation
Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
RAN Sharing
Multilayer Planning
NOKIA

- Objectives At the end of this module you will be able to...
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List
Listall
allRRM
RRMentities
entitiesand
andexplain
explaintheir
their
function
function
Explain
Explainthe
theinterworking
interworkingbetween
betweenLoad
Load
Control,
Admission
Control
and
Packet
Control, Admission Control and Packet
Scheduler
Scheduler
Describe
Describethe
thedifferent
differenthandover
handover
possibilities
possibilities
List
Listthe
thetwo
twomost
mostimportant
importantsoft
softhandover
handover
parameters
parameters
Describe
Describethe
thedifference
differencebetween
betweennonnoncontrollable
and
controllable
traffic
controllable and controllable traffic
Explain
Explainwhy
whyLA,
LA,RA,
RA,SA
SAand
andURA
URAarea
area
planning
is
needed
planning is needed
Explain
Explainthe
thecell
cellsearch/synchronisation
search/synchronisation
procedure
of
the
procedure of theUE
UE
Explain
Explainhow
howscrambling
scramblingcode
codeplanning
planning
affects
cell
search
performance
affects cell search performance
Explain
Explainthe
theconcept
conceptof
ofgroup
groupplanning
planning

UMTS Traffic Classes
CS domain
Conversational
PS domain
Streaming
RT traffic
Interactive
Background
NRT traffic
Conversational class is meant for traffic which is very

delay sensitive while background class is the most delay
insensitive traffic class.
Conversational and streaming classes are mainly intended
to be used to carry real time traffic flows.
Interactive class and Background are mainly meant to be
used by traditional Internet applications like WWW, Email,
Telnet, FTP and News
4
NOKIA

RAN Data Rates
AMR speech
Rate (kbps) 12.20
10.20
7.95
7.40
32
28.8
6.70
5.90
5.15
4.75
Transparent CS data
Rate (kbps)
64
33.6
Extensive multicall
capability
Non-transparent CS data
Rate (kbps) 57.6
28.8
14.4
PS data
Rate (kbps) 512*
* RAN2
DL
** RAN2
5
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384
320
256
144**
128
64
32
16
Maximum user data rate 384 kbps (512kbps DL in

RAN2)

Overview
Radio Resource Management (RRM) is responsible for efficient

utilization of the air interface resources
RRM is needed to maximize the radio performance
Guarantee Quality of Service (BLER, BER, delay)
Maintain the planned coverage for each service
Ensure planned capacity with low blocking
optimise the use of capacity
RRM can be divided into
Power control
Admission Control
Power Control
Handover control
Load Control
Load Control
Iub
Admission control
Load control (Congestion control)
Power Control
Packet scheduling
BTS
DRNC
Resource Manager
Iur
Admission Control
Packet Scheduler
Load Control
Handover Control
Power Control
Iu
MS
Iub
BTS
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SRNC

Logical Model
LC
PS
RM
AC Admission Control
AC
LC Load Control
Network based functions
PS Packet Scheduler
RM Resource
Manager
PC
PC Power Control
HC
HC HO Control
Connection based functions
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Overview of RRM Algorithms
Power control (PC) maintains radio link level quality

by adjusting the uplink and downlink powers.
The quality requirements are tried to get with minimum

transmission powers to achieve low interference in radio access
network. The basic functions of WCDMA power control are:
Open loop power control (RACH, FACH)
Fast closed loop power control (DCH, DSCH)
Outer loop power control
Handover Control (HC) controls the active state

mobility of UE in RAN.
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HC maintains the radio link quality and minimises the radio

network interference by optimum cell selection in handovers.
The Handover Control (HC) of the Radio Access Network (RAN)
supports the following handover procedures:
Intra-frequency soft/softer handover
Intra-frequency hard handover
Inter-frequency handover
Inter-system (GSM) handover

Admission Control (AC) decides whether a request

to establish a Radio Access Bearer (RAB) is admitted
in the Radio Access Network (RAN) or not.
Admission control is used to maintain stability and to achieve

high traffic capacity of RAN. The AC algorithm is executed
when radio access bearer is setup or the bearer is modified.
The AC measures take place as well with all kind of
handovers.
Load Control (LC) continuously updates the load

information of cells controlled by RNC
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Load Control and provides this information to the AC and PS

for radio resource controlling purposes. In overload
situations, the LC performs the recovering actions by using
the functionalities of AC, PS and HC.

Packet scheduler (PS) schedules radio resources for

NRT radio access bearers both in uplink and downlink
direction.
10
The traffic load of cell determines the scheduled transmission

capacity. The information of load caused by NRT bearers is
determined by PS.
It can be said that PS controls the NRT load when system is not
in overload.
PS also allocates and changes the bitrates of NRT bearers. PS
controls both dedicated and shared channels.
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Wideband Power Based RRM
Nokia RRM has the following principles for the operation of network
based algorithms, admission control, packet scheduler and load control:
RRM is operating cell basis, i.e. operations are done for a single cell
without taking neighbouring cells account.
System load is measured based on total averaged power/ interference
in a cell. In uplink it is the total received wideband interference power
(PrxTotal) and in downlink it is the total transmitted power (PtxTotal).
AC, PS and LC operations are based these two measurements.
AC, PS and LC operations are done separately for uplink and downlink.
Uplink
Downlink
Node B Measurement
Total received
wideband power
PrxTotal
Total transmitted
wideband power
PtxTotal
RRM in RNC
Keep load at PrxTraget
Keep load at PrxTraget
RRM has the ability to manage

cell loading(max)
based on the total average
(max)
uplink/downlink power, which has the affect of eliminating the cell
shrinkage occurring due to variations in neighbour cell interference
levels.
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Power Control
The target of the power control (PC) is to achieve the minimum signal-tointerference ratio (SIR) that is required for the sufficient quality of the
connection
Power control provides protection against large changes in shadowing,
immediate response for fast changes in signal levels and interference
levels (SIR). Power control is also needed to cope with the near far
problem
PC entity fulfils the radio link power related adjustment by the following
basic procedures:
Uplink open loop PC algorithm and random access procedure
PC for downlink common physical channels
Fast closed loop PC
Outer loop PC
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Power Control Loops
Fast Closed loop PC measures the Interference level

Outer loop PC maintains the set quality
Immediate response
to fading andfast
changes in signal
and interference
levels
Fast Closed
Loop PC
DL Outer
UE
Loop PC
SRNC RNC
Iub
Node B
Quality loop: Maintains

the specified error rate
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UL Outer
Loop PC

Power Control Loops
UL Open loop power control for initial power setting of the UE

UE performs the initial transmission power calculation with the help of received info
from RNC
path loss between Node B and UE
uplink interference level (measured by Node B)
required received C/I
With Random Access Channel (RACH) power ramping is done with preambles
Preamble: In the beginning mobile sends low power and increases it until Node B is
able to detect it
After the initial transmission and the synchronisation procedure the fast closed loop
PC starts.
L1 ACK / AICH
Downlink / BS
Not detected
P2
Uplink / MS
P1
Preamble
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Preamble
RACH
Message part

Power Control Loops
Fast Closed loop power control (UL/DL)

Closed loop PC mechanism aims to maintain a SIR target value
specified by outer loop PC. The SIR is measured on pilot bits of the
dedicated control channel and a corresponding transmit power
control (TPC) command is sent on the reverse link.
In UL closed loop PC, the BTS measures the SIR on pilot bits of the
UL DPCCH and transmits the corresponding Transmit Power
Control (TPC) value on DL DCH. The UE decodes the TPC value
and responds accordingly
In DL closed loop PC UE measures the SIR value on pilots bits of
the DL DPCH and transmits the corresponding TPC command on
UL DPCCH.
In Nokia RAN 1.5 the DL closed loop PC will be such that a TPC
command will be generated by the UE for every time slot in a
radio frame.
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Power Control Loops
Outer loop power control

The outer loop PC adjusts the SIR target used by the closed loop
PC. The SIR target is independently adjusted for each connection
based on the estimated quality of the connection. The initial value
is provided by admission control functionality in the RNC.
The SIR target value is to be set so that the usage of radio
resources is most effective, the power is set to minimum possible,
still ensuring that the quality of the connection is good enough.
In uplink outer loop PC the RNC monitors the link quality and
adjusts the new SIR target accordingly for the fast closed loop PC.
UE takes care of the downlink outer loop PC. Downlink outer loop
PC sets the SIR target for the downlink fast closed loop PC
according to quality estimates of the received channel.
Downlink outer loop PC functions are mainly located in the UE, but
some control parameters, e.g. BLER target, are set by the RNC.
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Power Control Loops
TPC commands
if SIR > (SIR)set then "down"

else "up"
P1
P2
UE adjusts
power according
UE1
to TPC commands
UE1 and UE2 are transmitting on the same frequency

TPC commands => equalizing transmitter powers is critical ("near-far" proble
Optimum situation: P1 = P2 at the Node B at all times
Node B
UE2
Different path attenuations are compensated by using

power control.
Open loop power control: UE adjusts its initial transmitter
power according to received signal level
Closed loop power control: Node B commands UE
to increase or decrease its transmission power at 1.5 kHz
It is based on received signal to interference ratio (SIR)
estimates in Node B.
Closed loop power control also follows the fast fading pattern
at low and medium speeds (< 50 km/h)
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Uplink Outer Loop Power Control
required (SIR)set for 1 % FER
outer loop TPC maintains link

quality
optimises capacity / range
is the "link adaptation"
method in WCDMA
MS stands still
time
during soft handover: comes

after soft handover frame
selection
if FER increase then

(SIR)set "up"
else (SIR)set "down"
CN
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RNC
outer loop
control
(SIR)set adjustment
command
frame reliability info
if SIR > (SIR)set then "down"

else "up"
Common Channel Power Planning
BTS power allocation rule:

For Pilot CPCIH 10 %,
For other common channels, 10 %
For dedicated channels, the rest
Ec/Ior=fraction of the power of the channel of interest
from the total BS power.
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Power Control & Diversity
At low UE speed, power control compensates the

fading : fairly constant receive power and Tx power
with high variations
With diversity the variations in Tx power is less
At UE speed >100km/h fast power control cannot
follow the fast fading, therefore diversity helps keep
receive power level more or less constant
In the UL Tx affects adjacent cell interference and Rx
power affects interference within the cell.
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Handovers
Soft/Softer handover
In Soft HO MS is simultaneously connected to multiple cells
In softer HO MS is simultaneously connected to multiple cell within same Node B
Mobile Evaluated Handover (MEHO)
Intra-frequency handover
Hard handover
Intra-Frequency hard handover
Arises when inter-RNC SHO is impossible
Decision procedure is the same as SHO
MEHO and RNC controlled HO
Causes temporary disconnection of the user
Inter-Frequency handover (RAN1.5)
Can be intra-BS hard handover, intra-RNC hard handover, inter-RNC hard
handover
Network Evaluated Handover (NEHO)
Decision algorithm located in RNC
Handovers both for RT and NRT Services
Inter-System handover (RAN1.5)
Handovers for CS voice and CS data (NEHO)
Network initiated cell Re-selection for PS (RT or NRT) data to GSM/GPRS
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Soft Handover
Softer-Soft HO
Soft-Soft HO
Softer HO
Soft HO
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Nokia Soft Handover Algorithm
MS Ec/N0
Strongest pilot in active set

MS Ec/N0 value
1. The CPICH Ec/N0 exceeds

Strongest pilot in active set Addition Window. The mobile
station starts Addition Time
timer
2. The CPICH Ec/N0 has been

continuously higher than
Drop Window
Addition Window, RNC add the
neighbour to Active set after the
Addition Time timer expires.
3. The CPICH Ec/N0 is smaller
than Strongest pilot in active set
1. 2.
3.
4.
- Drop Window. The mobile
time station starts Drop Time timer
Addition Time
Drop Time
4. The CPICH Ec/N0 has been
Neighbour
Set Active Set Neighbour
Set
Neighbor Set
Neighbor Set
continuously smaller than
Drop Window, RNC drops the
cell from the active set to the
neighbour set after the Drop
Time timer expires.
Addition Window
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Load Control
The purpose of load control is to optimise the capacity

of a cell and prevent overload situation.
Load control consists of Admission Control (AC) and
Packet Scheduler (PS) algorithms, and Load Control
(LC) which updates the load status of the cell based on
resource measurements and estimations provided by
AC and PS.
Load change
info
Load status
LC
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NRT load
AC
PS

Load Control
Since the main criteria in a WCDMA system for the

radio resources is the interference, the load of the cell
under the RNC is measured periodically based on
uplink interference level
downlink transmission power levels
In uplink, the basic measured quantity indicating load
is the total received power of a Node B, PrxTotal
In downlink, the basic measured quantity indicating
load is the total transmitted power of a Node B,
PtxTotal
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Radio Interface Load in Uplink
PrxTarget (dB) defines the optimal operating point of
the cell interference power, up to which the AC of the
RNC can operate. Noise rise as a function of fractional load
20
18
16
Noise rise [dB]
14
12
10
8
6
OVERLOAD AREA
MARGINAL LOAD AREA
FEASIBLE LOAD AREA
PrxTarget [dB] + PrxOffset [dB]

PrxTarget [dB]
2
0
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Noise floor
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Fractional load
0.7
0.8
0.9

Radio Interface Load in DL
In the downlink, the own cell load factor can be defined

as the ratio of the measured transmission power,
PtxTotal, to the maximum transmission power of cell
PtxTotal
[dBm]
Ptx _ total
Loadin DL
Ptx _ BTS max
Cell maximum[dBm]
OVER LOADAREA
PtxTarget [dBm]+PtxOffset [dB]
MARGINAL LOAD AREA
PtxTarget [dBm]
FEASIBLE LOADAREA
[0...1]
0
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Load

Admission Control
Admission Control (AC) decides whether a request to establish a Radio

Access Bearer (RAB) is admitted in the RAN or not.
AC is used to maintain stability and to achieve high traffic capacity of
RAN. The AC algorithm is executed when radio access bearer is setup or
the bearer is modified. The AC measures take place as well with all kind
of handovers.
The AC algorithm estimates the load increase, which the establishment of
the bearer would cause in the radio network. Both uplink and downlink
direction is estimated separately.
The inter-cell interference effect is estimated. Bearer is not admitted if
the predicted load exceeds particular thresholds either in uplink or
downlink.
In decision procedure AC will use the load information produced by the
Load Control (LC) and packet scheduler (PS) functionalities of RRM.
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Admission Control
The traffic can be divided into two groups

Real Time (RT) or non-controllable
Non-Real Time (NRT) or controllable
THUS some portion of capacity must be reserved for
the RT traffic for mobility purposes all the time. The
proportion between RT and NRT traffic varies all the
time.
Overload area
Overload Margin
Power
Load Target
Measured load caused

by noncontrollable load
Time
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Estimated capacity for

NRT traffic.

Admission Control
Since it is not enough to divide the load to RT and NRT one must take into
account the interference coming from surrounding cells.
Traffic is divided into controllable and non-controllable traffic.
Non-controllable traffic = RT users +
other-cell users +
noise +
other NRT users which
operate minimum bit rate
Controllable traffic=
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NRT users

Admission Control
power
PrxOffset / PtxOffset
PrxTarget / PtxTarget
PrxTotal / PtxTotal
PrxNrt / PtxNrt
PrxNc / PtxNc
controllable power
non-controllable power
time
ADMISSION DECISION: ARAB request is acceptedif the estimatednoncontrollableuplinkand downlink load, measuredin total received interference
power andtransmittedcarrier power, keeps below theplannedloadtarget and
thecurrent total loadbelow the overload threshold, defined bytarget and
offset parameters.
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Packet Scheduler
Packet scheduler is a general feature, which takes care of scheduling
radio resources for NRT radio access bearers for both UL and DL
Admission control (AC) and packet scheduler (PS) both participate to the
handling of NRT radio bearers
Packet scheduler allocates appropriate radio resources for the duration of
a packet call, i.e. active data transmission.
Admission control handles
bit rate
NRT RAB allocated, packet service session

RACH/FACH, DSCH or DCH
allocation
Packet call
Short inactive
periods during
packet call
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time
Packet scheduler handles

Resource Manager
The main function of RM is to allocate logical radio resources of NodeB
according to the channel request by the RRC layer for each radio
connection
The RM is located in the RNC and it works in close co-operation with the
AC and the PS
The actual input for resource allocation comes from the AC /PS and RM
informs the PS about the resource situation
The RM is able to switch codes and code types for different reasons such
as soft handover and defragmentation of code tree.
Manages the Node B logical resources
Node B reports the available logical HW resources
Maintains the code tree,
Allocates the DL channelization codes, UL scrambling code, UL
channelization code type
Allocates UTRAN Registration Area(URA) specific Radio Network Temporary
Identifier(RNTI) allocated for each connection and reallocated when
updating URA
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Resource Manager
Spreading = channelization and scrambling operations (producing

the signal at the chip rate, i.e. spreads the signal to the wideband)
Downlink: Scrambling code separates the cells and channelization
code separates connection
The length of the channelization code is the spreading factor
All physical channels are spread with channelization codes, C m(n)
and subsequently by the scrambling code, CFSCR
The code order, m and the code number, n designates each and
every channellization code in the layered orthogonal code
sequences.
user data
widespread data
scrambling
chanellization
code
code
34
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DL Primary Scrambling Code
DL Scrambling code Info is needed for Synchronization between

UE and Node B for cell search & identification procedure during
call set up
handover
Most Important
Cell search procedure in UE & in frame synchronization step !
search step 1: slot synchronization to a cell

search step 2: frame synchronization & code group identification
search step 2: scrambling code identification
Each cell has it's own Scrambling code (like BCCH is GSM) which
need to be planned (like frequency planning in GSM)
Total 512 scrambling codes are available (0511), they are in 64
groups, each group having 8 codes
Codes could be allocated from same group of from different
groups in the planning area
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Primary Scrambling Code
Here is how Primary Scrambling codes are seen for

Planning Engineer (i=0511)
Codes
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Code
Group 1
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NOKIA
1
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
2
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
63
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
DL Scrambling Code Planning Rule

Scrambling code should be selected in optimum way because
It has affect to the cell search algorithm (time)
The call setup/HO performance depends on the reliability of the
search procedure in cell search step 2 and 3
There must be large enough separation (minimum reuse) between
two cells using the same scrambling code (like frequency reuse in
GSM)
Recommended minimum reuse is 64
Scrambling code Planning Rule

Minimize the number of used code groups
Maximize the number of codes per group
The rule is valid in all neighbour sets in all
environments
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DL Scrambling Code Planning Rule

Scrambling code planning is independent for each
carrier layer => same codes could be used
Cell search time increases when the number of
neighbours is high like in Urban area
The size of the neighbour sets should be large enough
to include all useful candidates but as small as possible
to maintain fast synchronization process
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DL Scrambling Code Planning Rule Example
6
UE
23
24
25
11
Cluster of cells
27having 2 code
groups
29
NOKIA
26
10
13
IntraFreqNcell
ScrCode
22
12
39
21
28
14
20
35
Assign the codes such

18
5
that codes form
geographic cluster of
17
cells.
4
16
Two code groups enough
up to 15 neighbours
15
34
19
33
31
Area with 12 Node

B(1+1+1) sites
32
30
PriScrCode

Registration and Service Areas - Overview
Four Registration areas are known in UMTS
Location area (LA) in core network CS domain

Routing area (RA) in core network PS domain
UTRAN registration area (URA) in UTRAN (not visible to the core
network)
Cell as the smallest entity in the UTRAN (not visible to the core
network)
Service Area (SA)
40
Used to inform the core network about the location of a UE

location based services
UTRAN does not make use of SA
NOKIA

Location Area (LA)
LA is used for location information in the CS domain of the core

network
Each cell in the network is assigned a single location area code
(LAC)
No overlap between location areas.
A LA consists of a set of cells with a size of at minimum one cell
and at maximum an MSC/VLR area.
A RNC may include many LAs or a LA may span over many RNC
areas
When crossing the border of an LA in idle mode, the UE has to
perform a location (LA) update procedure.
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NOKIA

Routing Area (RA)
The RA is used for paging in PS domain of the core network

Each cell in the network is assigned a single location area code (RAC)
No overlap between routing areas.
A RA has to be a subset of a LA and cannot span upon more than one
LA.
A RA has a size of at minimum one cell and at maximum a SGSN
area.
When crossing the border of a RA, the UE has to perform a routing
area (RA) update procedure.
A RNC may include many RAs or a RA may span over many RNC
areas.
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NOKIA

UTRAN Registration Area (URA)
URA area is used inside UTRAN, but not at CN level

Each cell in the network is assigned at least one URA identifier
(URAid)
Overlapping URAs are possible
Overlapping URAs reduces the number of URA updates for a given UE
URA consist of number of cells belonging to either one or several
RNCs
URA is used to avoid high amount of cell updates for high mobility
UEs. RNC commands the UE to change from CELL_PCH state to
URA_PCH state
only URA updates instead of cell updates
URA update is a RRC procedure
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Cell
A cell is the smallest entity in the UTRAN, it is not known in the

core network
A cell update takes place if the UE leaves the cell border while it is
in CELL_FACH, CELL_DCH or CELL_PCH state.
Cell update is a RRC procedure
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NOKIA

Service Area (SA)
The SA identifies an area consisting of one or more cells beloning

to the same LA
The Service Area Identifier is composed of the PLMN Identifier, the
Location Area Code (LAC) and the Service Area Code (SAC).
Service Area is used for location based services
In RAN1.5 the max accuracy is the cell level
In RAN2.1 the accuracy is better -inside the cell
In RAN2.0 there is the Service Area Broadcast feature which
enables information providers to submit short messages for
broadcasting to a specified Service Area within the PLMN.
These messages could be used for informing about e.g. PLMN
news, emergencies, traffic reports, road accidents, delayed trains,
weather reports, theatre programmes, telephone numbers or
tariffs
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NOKIA
Impact of Registration Areas on Common

Channel Traffic
LA, RA or URA size affects the amount of traffic on PCH in (paging)
and on RACH and FACH (area updates)
With increasing sizes of LA, RA or URA, traffic on the PCH will
increase.
The bigger the registration area, the higher the probability that
extra PCH traffic is produced in a cell and the higher the PCH
traffic is in that cell.
With increasing sizes of LA, RA and URA, the traffic on RACH and
FACH will decrease.
The bigger the registration area, the lower the probability for a
specific UE to cross an area border and therefore traffic caused
by LA, RA or URA updates decreases.
The planning task is to define the registration area such, that
FACH, RACH and PCH traffic is kept low while the battery liftime of
the UEs is kept high.
46
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Agenda Day 2
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
RAN Sharing
Multilayer Planning
47
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48
NOKIA
List
List the
the actions
actions which
which are
are done
done
during
during pre-launch
pre-launch optimisation
optimisation
List
List the
the tools
tools which
which are
are used
used during
during
pre-launch
optimisation
List
List at
at least
least three
three parameters
parameters which
which
could
could be
be tuned
tuned during
during pre-launch
pre-launch
optimisation
optimisation
Explain
Explain the
the three
three golden
golden rules
rules for
for
pre-launch
optimisation
Pre-launch Optimisation
Introduction
Pre-launch Optimisation means actions to meet the

defined coverage and quality criteria
Drive tests are done to test
Coverage for different data rate services

Pilot channel coverage
Soft handover areas and probabilities
Quality (BLER)
Key Performance Indicators (KPI) are defined to

measure the criteria
49
Cell total data throughput

Call setup success rates for different services
Call drop rates
Soft Handover performance
NOKIA
Pre-launch Optimisation
Process
WCDMA RAN
Network Management
Nokia NetActTM for 3G
Field Tool Server
configuration
KPIs, counters
me
as
Configuration
ur e
me
KPIs,
measurements
nts
air-interface
RAN Optimisation
pre-defined procedures
semi / full automated
S ta rt
W in d o w A d d
W in d r o w D ro p
C h a n g e 1 s t e p s iz e C h a n g e 1 s t e p s i z e
N o
C o m p T h r e s h o ld
C h a n g e 1 s t e p s iz e
D r o p T im e r
C h a n g e 1 s t e p s iz e
N M S : C o lle c t
n e tw o rk
p e rfo r m a n c e d a ta
E v a lu a t e K P I
' H O O v e r h e a d '.
O K ?
Yes
E v a l u a t e a ll
n e tw o r k K P Is .
O K ?
Yes
End
50
NOKIA
No
G o to re le va n t
o p t im i s a t i o n
f lo w - c h a rt
Field Tool
Tools
Drive test tools for Coverage verification
Agilent scanner
Nemo Technologies TOM
Ericsson TEMS
Post Processing tool for rollout verification, planning

validation, infrastructure verification and network
optimisation
Actix Analyzer v. 4.1 and NetAct
Network Configuration tool for Performance Info (PI, KPI)
Network Element Management Unit (Nemu)
Network protocol analyzer for troubleshooting
NetHawk
Uplink and Downlink loading tools

51
NOKIA
Additional
terminals (if
available)
used to
increase
network
load.
Hardblocking
will be used
to limit
required
number of
terminals
Initial Drive Testing Configuration
RNC
BTS
Iu-CS
STM-1
( ATM )
Iub
(ATM)
STM-1
Iu-PS
(IP)
A WCDMA scanner (Agilent, Nemo

Technologies TOM or Ericsson TEMS) can
be used for (passive) idle mode downlink
measurements:
CPICH Ec/Io
Active set (neighbor list
measurements)
Location information
When used together with a UE (no
monitoring) and the protocol analyzer,
it can (analysing messaging in Iub
interface) be used to assess the UE
behavior
52
NOKIA
Nethawk analyser
Postprocessing (Actix
and/or a customised tool)
tool to correlate the data
from network and
terminal side by using
the timestamp
Extract radio parameters which

are exchanged over the RRC
protocol:
Uplink SIR target, Downlink
BLER target, UL CRC OK/NOK etc.
NBAP
Radio link Measurement
report
Dedicated RRC messages
Load Generation
Because the load situation in the network in the beginning is

small, load generation is needed to simulate the situation in
loaded network
In uplink there is a possibility to generate noise simply by adding
noise to the UL branch to test coverage
by using the UEs which increases the the load in the cell (noise
like interference)
Use X simultaneous Y kbits/s RT services to achieve the load
In downlink it is more challenging and also important since a
smaller or larger part of the interference is orthogonal and it is
less thermal noise like.
Orthogonal Channel Noise Simulator (OCNS) is a mechanism
used to simulate the users or control signals on the other
orthogonal channels of a downlink link
OCNS is a feature candidate in RAN2.1
53
NOKIA
Soft Handover Optimisation Example
There are few parameters
that have a great influence
for the Soft Handover of the
network
to o h ig h
+ S o ft H O
O v e rh e a d
T o o w id e s o f t H O
a re a
u n n e c e s s a ry s o ft
H O b ra n c h
a d d it io n
- D L T ro u g h p u t
T o o s m a ll s o ft H O
a re a
U L m a c r o d iv e r s it y
g a in d e c r e a s e
- U L T ro u g h p u t
fre q u e n t H O s
+ s ig n a llin g
o v e rh e a d
A d d it io n
W in d o w
to o lo w
54
Add Window
Drop Window
Maximum Active Set Size
Drop Time
Transmission power of the CPICH channel
Replacement Window
NOKIA
Optimising Soft Handover Areas

Before
After
Active set
size
Microscopic
analysis
on area of 1
km22
and 39 sites
SHOO [%]
KPI improvement
Purpose: Increase network
performance
Target: Soft Handover Overhead
at optimal point
55
40
35
30
30
Method: adjust window_add and

window_drop parameters
25
Result: Optimal parameter value

found
20
NOKIA
Degraded performance
Selected
optimal
paramete
r value
0
Semi-optimal
3
4
Simulation Phase
Optimisation Based on Statistics

Optimisation is mainly based on Nokia NetAct reports
Field measurements are used to get additional information
from the pinpointed problem spots
Useful for optimisation
To locate the problem spots geographically and by network
elements
To prioritise actions needed with the help of KPIs
To identify reasons for non-performance by giving information
on various statistical indicators and network history
Basis for area-wide performance improvement
Area wide parameter tuning based on long-term statistics and
trends
Alarms of future problems in fast-growing traffic areas
Prior notice to be able to react in time and to be prepared for
network expansions
56
NOKIA
Dynamic Simulations for Higher Visibility
Static simulations
Snapshot
Algorithms
Traffic
Performance
analysing
Propagation
Mobility
57
NOKIA
Simplified and limited

algorithms, e.g no
power control
No traffic model
Statistics collected
from snapshots
Ray-tracing
propagation
model with vector map
Static
Dynamic simulationsReal network

Movie
Reality
Realistic Nokia
algorithms; also
future algorithms
Current
software
versions in use
Realistic traffic
model;
projection of traffic
Statistics
collected
growth
over time period
from detailed call
simulations
Ray-tracing
propagation model
with vector map
Moving randomly
or along roads
with random speed
Traffic is low in
network launch
Statistics
collected from
network
management
Multipath
system
propagation
Moving in three
dimensions
Optimisation Example
Initial network plan consisted of total 59 cells, of which
24 were in micro layer and 35 were in macro layer
In the first optimisation round antenna tilts and
bearings were tuned in macro cells
The sites were already optimised for GSM
Number of served users increased
outdoor users about 2.5%
indoor users about 2.6%
mixed case about 3.1%
Change of other to own cell interference i (average)
outdoor: from 0.43 to 0.44
indoor: from 0.47 to 0.43
mixed: from 0.43 to 0.44
58
NOKIA
Macro: Little i in the beginning
59
NOKIA
Macro: Little i after Optimisation
60
NOKIA
Capacity increase after Optimisation

Total number of users is 2500 both in macro and micro layers
Indoor case means that 14 dB attenuation has been used
compared to outdoor
Mixed case means that 30 % mobiles are inside
Increase is more than 10 % as shown below
Biggest outage reason is the max achieved Node B power
Macro layer
Micro layer
optimised
optimised
users users
change users users
change
61
NOKIA
Outdoor 1931
2206
+14%
1486
1689
+12%
Indoor
1872
2079
+11%
1559
1755
+11%
mixed
1943
2211
+13%
1485
1713
+13%
3
Golden
rules
Under
stand
Detect
Optimisation Principles
Avoid
unnecessary
overlapping
Problem
Problem
- High i
indicator
- Low capacity
in Planning - High soft handover
Tool
overhead
NOKIA
Cell sizes do not match

to user distribution
- Outage due to BTS

power or uplink load
- Other cell do not
collect traffic
No coverage
- Outage due to UE power

- Outage due to DL link
power
- Blocking in some cells - Dropped calls

- Other cells do not
- Bad quality
collect traffic
- Low bit rates for packets
Solutions
- Antenna downtilt
- De-Splitting => 2 cells
- Remove sites
- SHO parameters?
- Antenna tilting
- CPICH adjustment
Results??
- 10-20% higher capacity
- 10-20% higher capacity

- Cells collect traffic
more equally
Solve
62
Put cells close to users
- High noise rise while

low throughput in UL
- High soft handover
overhead
Problem
indicator
in network
Check
Overlapping of cells,
no clear dominance
Make sure there is

coverage
- More sites
- Higher link power in DL
Agenda Day 2

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
RAN Sharing
Multilayer Planning
63
NOKIA

64
NOKIA
Name
Name all
all Nokia
Nokia Node
Node Bs
Bs with
with their
their
maximum
maximum configuration
configuration
Explain
Explain the
the signal
signal flow
flow through
through aa
Node
Node BB
Locate
Locate the
the Node
Node BB units
units in
in aa cabinet
cabinet
Describe
Describe different
different HW
HW configuration
configuration
possibilities
for
a
Node
possibilities for a Node BB
List
List all
all antenna
antenna system
system components
components

Overview
Complete Nokia WCDMA BTS Family for every need

Nokia UltraSiteTM WCDMA BTS for all indoor and outdoor
environments
Nokia MetroSiteTM WCDMA BTS for "siteless" installations
Triple-mode Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS for joint GSM and
WCDMA networks
Nokia UltraSite
Nokia
WCDMA BTS
MetroSit
Optima
e
WCDMA
BTS
Indoor
65
NOKIA
Nokia UltraSite
WCDMA BTS
Optima Compact
Outdoor
Nokia UltraSite
WCDMA BTS
Supreme
Triple-mode
Nokia UltraSite
EDGE BTS
Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor

UltraSite Optima Compact
Small high capacity WCDMA BTS with integrated battery backup

freedom in single cabinet configurations
6 WCDMA carriers and IBBU OR 12 WCDMA carriers
3 or even 6 sector configurations supported with single
cabinet
3 sectors with IBBU OR 6 sectors
Widest service area
excellent RF performance
output power 10/20/40 W
optimized for Nokia Smart Radio Concept
2+2+2 with SRC UL/DL supported with one cabinet
without IBBU
Single cabinet solution for quick roof-top installations
unobtrusive in roof-top installations due to low cabinet
height
cabinet height 1300 mm
minimum floor space when battery back-up is needed
footprint less than 1m 2 (790 x 1200 mm)
outdoor cabinet
66
NOKIA
Outdoor
1300 x 1200 x
790 mm
-33C ... +50 C
IP55
UltraSite Optima Compact with RF Extension
67
NOKIA
UltraSite
Optima
Rectifiers:
3 x BATA
3.9 Compact with IBBU
Extension
kW DC
Power Distribution Unit

(PDU)
Common Control Unit
(CCUA)
LTE space: 3 x HU
Batteries: 90 Ah (@ 48
68
NOKIA
V DC)

UltraSite Optima Indoor
Widest service area
cost optimized solution for network roll-out
Highest possible capacity for every bandwidth
designed to fully occupy 10 MHz band
2+2+2 supported with 1 cabinet
Fits to every site
minimized site requirements due to compact size

indoor cabinet 1100 x 600 x 600 mm (H x W x D)
Indoor
1100 x 600 x 600 mm
cabinet for indoor installations
-5C ... +50 C
IP20
69
NOKIA

UltraSite Supreme
High-capacity multimedia BTS
supports 6 sectored solutions

up to 12 WCDMA carriers per cabinet
cabinet chaining for extreme configurations
chaining of 4 cabinets supported
optimal for operators with 15 MHz band or

more
1 cabinet supports up to 4+4+4 with 20W

configurations
Widest service area
full support for Nokia Smart Radio Concept
2+2+2 with SRC UL/DL supported with one

cabinet
Minimized footprint
smallest foot print per WCDMA carrier
70
indoor cabinet footprint 600 x 600 mm for 12

WCDMA carriers
outdoor cabinet footprint 770 x 790 mm for 12
WCDMA carriers
cabinets for indoor and outdoor installations
NOKIA
Outdoor
Indoor
1940 x 770 x 790
1800 x 600 x 600 mmmm
-5C ... +50 C
-33C ... +50 C
IP20
IP55

MetroSite WCDMA
"Siteless" WCDMA BTS appropriate for many different

applications
cost-effective road-side coverage
in-fill coverage
indoor services
targeted coverage and capacity for hot spots
multi-layer networks
Revolutionary all-in-one solution
smallest 2 carrier WCDMA BTS
everything integrated in a single cabinet
base station, integrated transmission, integrated antenna and

short-term mains failure protection
common cabinet for indoor and outdoor installations
Macro BTS RF performance in micro BTS size

as good RX sensitivity as in Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS
output power 8 W
71
NOKIA
996 x 270 x 392 mm

-33C ... +50 C
IP55

UltraSite EDGE/WCDMA
14
Configurations
1+1+1, 8W
2+2+2, 4W
13
KEY:
1 Wideband Transceiver unit (WTR)
2 Wideband Power Amplifier unit (WMP)
3 Wideband Input Combiner unit (WIC)
4 Wideband Antenna Filter unit (WAF)
5 Wideband Suming and Multiplexing unit (WSM)
6 Wideband Application Manager unit (WAM)
7 Wideband Signal Processor unit (WSP)
8 Wideband Power Supply unit (WPS)
9 Wideband System Clock unit (WSC)
10 ATM Multiplexer unit (AXU)
11 Interface unit (IFU)
12 Wideband Fan Module (WFA)
13 Transmission unit (VXxx)
14 Bias Tee unit (BPxx)
BTS capacity
max. 10 Mbit/s per cabinet
Other features
6 7
6 GSM/EDGE TRXs and
2
1
WCDMA carriers or 12
8 11
2
3
GSM/EDGE TRXs in single
10
9
cabinet
4 4 4
12
tri- sectored solutions
2-port uplink diversity as
Indoor
Outdoor
standard
1800 x 600 x 570 mm
1940 x 770 x 750 mm
AC or DC power feed
-5C ... +50 C
-33C ... +50 C
IP20
IP55
2
72
NOKIA

Unit Positions in UltraSite Supreme
WEA (1pc)
WAF (6pcs)
Antenna
Filter
External Alarm
Unit
WPA (6pcs)
Power
Amplifier
WTR (6pcs)
Transmitter &
Receiver
WIC
(3pcs)
Input
WSC
Combiner
WSM (3pcs)
Summing &
Multiplexing
WSP
(18pcs)
Signal
WAM (6pcs)
Processor
Application
Manager
73
NOKIA
(2pcs)
System
IFU
Clock
(5pcs)
Interface
AXU (1pc)
Unit
ATM Cross-connect
Unit
WPS
(3pcs)
Power
Suppy

Optima and Optima Compact
Configurations
Optima
Number of
Configuration cabinets
1 carrier omni
3 sector 1
carrier (1+1+1)
2+2+2
2+2+2
20W
20W
384
384
768
768
20W
20W
1
1
20W
10W
384
384
768
768
40W
20W
Output power
per carrier
1
1
1
1
1
1
*Available in Release 2
74
NOKIA
Max. HW channel
Max. HW channel WPA version
capacity / HW Rel.1 capacity / HW Rel.2
1
1
Optima
Number of
Compact
cabinets
Configuration
1 carrier omni
1+1+1
1+1+1+1+1+1
2+2+2
4+4+4*
2+2+2+2+2+2*
Output power
per carrier
20W
20W
20W
20W
20W
20W
Max. HW channel
Max. HW channel WPA version
capacity / HW Rel.1 capacity / HW Rel.2
384
384
384
384
384
384
768
768
768
768
768
768
20W
20W
20W
20/40W
40W
40W
Supreme and Triple-Mode Configurations

Supreme
Configuration
1 carrier omni
1+1+1
1+1+1
1+1+1+1+1+1
2+2+2
4+4+4*
2+2+2+2+2+2*
4+4+4+4+4+4*
Triple- Mode
Configuration
1 +1 +1
2 +2 +2*
Number of Output power Max. HW channel Max. HW channel WPA version

cabinets
per carrier capacity / HW Rel.1 capacity / HW Rel.2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
NOKIA
576
576
576
576
576
576
576
1152
1152
1152
1152
1152
1152
1152
1152
2304
Number of Output power Max. HW channel Max. HW channel

cabinets
per carrier capacity / HW Rel.1 capacity / HW Rel.2
1
8W
160
320
1
4W
160
320
*Available in Release 2
75
20W
20W
40W
20W
20W
20W
20W
20W
20W
20W
20/40W
20W
20/40W
40W
40W
40W

Signal Flow
Power Amplifier
Linear amplification of 1
to 4 carriers
Tx
R x
B i- d ir e c tio n a l
C LK
R F
ATM Cross Connect

ATM Switching from/to
other BS/RNC
Signal Processor
RAKE Receiver, (De-)
Spreading, Channel
coding, ...
Interface Unit
Termination point for
transmission
BB
fr o m /to a d j.
W SM
fro m /to 2 ./3 . W A M
W PA
W IC
W TR
W SM
T x /R x
W AF
W
S
P
W
S
P
AXU
W
S
P
IF U
Iu b
R x D iv
t o W T R o f 2 . c a r r ie r
fro m W T R o f 2 .
c a r r ie r
fro m /to W T R o f 2 .
c a r r ie r
W AM
fr o m /to a d j.
W SM
Summing & Muliplexing

Summing Tx-Samples
from WSP. Distributing
Rx-Samples from WTR to
all WSP
Antenna Filter
Filters, amplifies and
devides the Rx-signal
76
NOKIA
Input Combiner
2-way combiner & 2way devider
Transmitter & Receiver

Modulation/Demodulation,
Tx power control, Rx
power measurements
W SC
C L K to W S M /
W TR
C L K fro m /to o th e r
c a b in e t( s )
System Clock
Baseband reference
clocks. Synchronises
with Iub
Application Manager
ATM termination point
Contol functions for BS

1+1+1 (20/carrier) without SRC
W PA
Tx
R x
R x
W TR
W SM
W AF
W
S
P
W
S
P
W
S
P
W
A
M
W IC
W PA
Tx
R x
R x
W TR
W AF
W SM
W
S
P
W
S
P
W
S
P
W SM
W
S
P
W
S
P
W
S
P
RF section
will change
for SRC
configuratio
ns
W
A
M
W IC
W PA
Tx
R x
R x
W TR
W AF
77
NOKIA
AXU
W IC
W
A
M
IF U
Iu b

Uplink SRC 1 Carrier 20W
A n t1
W PA
Tx
R x
R x
W TR
R x M a in
R x D iv 1
C a r r ie r 1
W AF
W IC
A n t2
R x D iv 2
R x D iv 3
W AF
78
NOKIA
Tx
R x
R x
W TR

Uplink & Downlink SRC 1 Carrier,
20W/Branch
Tx1
A n t1
W PA
Tx
R x
R x
W TR
R x M a in
R x D iv 1
C a r r ie r 1
W AF
A n t2
W PA
Tx2
R x D iv 2
R x D iv 3
W AF
79
NOKIA
W IC
Tx
R x
R x
W TR

Uplink & Downlink SRC 2 Carriers,
20W/Branch
W PA
Txsum
Tx
R x
R x
Tx
R x
R x
W TR
W AF
W IC
80
NOKIA
C a r r ie r 2
Note:
W PA
W AF
C a r r ie r 1
Requires Release 2
Units
Txsum
Tx
R x
R x
Tx
R x
R x
W TR
C a r r ie r 1
C a r r ie r 2

Upgrade Path
Add
LPA
2nd carrier
2+2+2
2+2+2
2x10
2x10W
W R
O
80
Erl
80 Erl C
Add
3 TRXs
Add
IncreasedLPA
power
2+2+2
2+2+2
2x20
2x20W
W
100
100Erl
Erl
2
sector
2+2+2
2+2+2
6x10
6x10W
W
240
240Erl
Erl
C
E
C
2 carriers/
sector
2+2+2
2+2+2
6x20
6x20W
W C
E
300
300Erl
Erl C
2 carriers/BTS 2 carriers/BTS 2 carriers/sect

2 carriers/sect
10W/carrier
20W/carrier 10W/carrier 20W/carrier
40 Erl/carrier 50 Erl/carrier 40 Erl/carrier 50 Erl/carrier
Increased
power
1+1+1
1+1+1 R
40
40W
W O
60
60Erl
Erl C
81
R
O
C
Add
3 LPAs
carriers/
1st carrier
1+1+1
1+1+1
20
20W
W R
O
50
50Erl
Erl C
Add
Add
roll-out phase
1 LPA 1 carrier/BTS
1 LPA
1 carrier/BTS
40W/carrier
50 Erl/carrier
60 Erl/carrier
NOKIA
Add
carrier/sector3 TRXs
1+1+1
1+1+1
3x20
3x20W
W
150
150Erl
Erl
C
E
C
1 carrier/sect
20W/carrier
50 Erl/carrier

Nokia SRC Capacity Growth Path
2nd carrier
4-way diversity for maximum cell coverage
+60%
downlink diversity for enhanced capacity
DL diversity
4-way UL div
+3 dB
coverage
gain
- 20%
capacity
1+1+1
20W
150Erl
without SRC
50 Erl/carrier
82
NOKIA
+75%
capacity
gain
1+1+1
20W
120Erl
6 TRXs or
3 dualTRXs
3 LPAs
40 Erl/carrier
capacity
gain
1+1+1
2 x 20W
210Erl
3 dualTRXs
6 LPAs
70Erl/carrier
2+2+2
2 x 20W
336Erl
6 dualTRXs
6 LPAs
56 Erl/carrier

Antenna System - Overview
The WCDMA UltraSite Antenna System contains the

follwing components
Antennas
WCDMA
Masthead Amplifiers (MHA)

Bias-T, supplies WCDMA MHA with DC power through
feeder cable, provides lightning protection (can also be
used w/o MHA)
EMP Protector, lightning protection, only needed if no
Bias-T is used
Diplexers, combining/dividing two bands such as
WCDMA and GSM to a common feeder line
Triplexers, combining/dividing three bands such as
WCDMA GSM1800 and GSM900 to a common feeder line
Feeder and Jumper cables, Grounding kits
83
NOKIA

Antenna System WCDMA Panels
WCDMA Broadband Antennas

Antenna Type
CS72761.01 XPol F-Panel
CS72761.05 Xpol F-Panel
Dimensions
342/155/69 mm
1302/155/69 mm
1302/155/69 mm
1942/155/69 mm
1302/155/69 mm
662/155/69 mm
Weight Frequency Range

(kg)
(MHz)
2.0
1710-2170
6.0
1710-2170
7.5
1710-2170
10.0
1710-2170
7.5
1710-2170
3.5
1710-2170
Gain
(dBi)
12.5
18.5
17
19.5
18
15.5
Beam
Width
65
65
88
65
65
65

(kg)
(MHz)
12.0
1900-2170
Gain
(dBi)
21
Beam
Width
30
Downtilt
2
2
0..8
0..6
0..8
0..10
WCDMA NarrowbeamAntennas
Antenna Type
Dimensions
1302/299/69 mm
Downtilt
0..8
WCDMA Dual Broadband Antennas (WCDMA/GSM1800 or SRC)

Gain
Beam
Antenna Type
Dimensions
Downtilt
(kg)
(MHz)
(dBi)
Width
CS72764.01 XXPol F-Panel
1302/299/69 mm
12.0
1710-2170
18.5/18.5 65/65 0..8/0..8
CS72764.02 XXPol F-Panel
1302/299/69 mm
12.0
1710-2170
17/17 85/85 0..8/0..8
WCDMA Omni Antennas
84
Antenna Type
Dimensions
CS727760 Omni
1570/148/112 mm
NOKIA

(kg)
(MHz)
5.0
1920-2170
Gain
(dBi)
11
Beam
Width
360
Downtilt
--

Antenna System - Mast Head Amplifier
Technical Data Sheet:
Passive Intermodulation Products

PIM level in RX band
-119 dBm / 200 kHz
-37 dBm / 200 kHz
PIM level in TX band
Rated Power at Ports
ANT port
in-band 5 dBm
out-of-band 20 dBm
BTS port
avg 46 dBm in-band
peak 62 dBm in-band
Critical Input RX filter rejections
GSM1800, 1805-1880
65 dB
71 dB
UMTS TX, 2110-2170
Critical TX filter rejections
65 dB
UMTS RX, 1920-1980
Alarm Setting Conditions
Alarm current range
200 - 300 mA
100 msec
Switch time
85
NOKIA
Gain, RX band
Nominal gain of 12 dB
+/- 0.5 dB room
Ripple
+/- 0.9 dB all temps
0.6 dB
Insertion Loss
0 dB within 20 MHz of
Response, other freqs
passband
MHA Input Dynamic Range
3rd-order intercept
10 dBm
1dB compression
-5 dBm
Noise Figure
2 dB
Return Loss, ANT and BTS ports

RX band
16 dB
TX band
18 dB
Group delay distortion
20 ns over 5 MHZ
DC Power supplied
7.0 - 8.6V, UltraSite/MetroSite
Voltage
11 - 13 V , CoSited BTS
Nominal current
190 mA
Max. current
350 mA
Bypass Mode
Insertion Loss
3 dB
Return Loss
12 dB

Antenna System - Diplexers / Triplexers
Unit types
Nokia Triplexer Unit
Nokia GSM 900 / WCDMA Diplexer Unit
Nokia GSM 1800 / WCDMA Diplexer Unit
Selectable DC pass function in each unit
Technical Data Sheet:
RF Performance
Insertion Loss,
0.3 dB
Port - Common
Isolation, port to
50 dB
port
Return Loss, any
>18 dB
port
Passive Intermodulation
GSM RX band
-116 dBm
Nokia Triplexer
GSM 900 BTS
WCDMA BTS
GSM 1800 BTS

86
NOKIA
Rated Power at Ports

GSM
120 W avg
1.44 kW peak
UMTS
55 W avg
2.15 kW peak

Antenna System Bias-T
RF Performance
Insertion loss
0.3 dB
Return loss
18 dB
Rated power
55 W avg, 2.2 kW peak
Alarm Signal
VSWR alarm
7 dB nominal
threshold
+/- 2 dB tolerance
no alarm: 0 V, 50 mA max
Logic
alarmed : 3.3V, 0 mA
Response time
0.5 sec
no RF power, high VSWR (no
Alarm indicates:
DC power implied)
DC and Signal
Voltage drop
0.5 V
Rated power
7.5 - 9.1V, 350 mA max
DC supply via:
RJ-45 from BTS
Ins loss @ 1 MHz 3 dB
87
NOKIA
Function
Provides DC power for MHA

through feeder line
Lightning protection
Features
Fault monitoring of MHA and

Antenna line
Fowards alarms to WAF
Low insertion loss (<0.3dB)
Can be installed on mast or in
any
WCDMA UltraSite
cabinet

Antenna System - Feeders
Diameter Weight
Feeder Type
(inch)
(kg/m)
CS72251
CS72252
CS72254
88
NOKIA
1/2
7/8
1 5/8
0.35
0.55
1.45
Min. Bending
Radius (mm)
Single
80
120
250
Repeated
160
250
500
Attenuation
@2170MHz (dB/100m)
11.9
6.52
4.05

Upgrades to Current GSM Antennas
150 mm
1300 mm
Current :
space
diversity
150 mm
Upgrade :
space +
polarization
diversity
Space diversity
improves performance
0.5..1.0 dB compared
to single radome.
The gain of 2.5 dB
assumes single
radome.
Current :
polarization
diversity
89
NOKIA
Upgrade:
2 x polarization
diversity within
one radome
260 mm

SRC Antenna Solutions
90
NOKIA
pcsX-pol
X-pol
22pcs
antennas
antennas
persector
sector
per
upto
to33m
m
up
apartform
form
apart
eachother
other
each
pcs X-pol
X-pol
22pcs
antennasper
per
antennas
sector
sector
installednext
next
installed
toeach
each
to
others
others
OneSRC
SRC
One
antennaper
per
antenna
sector.The
The
sector.
numberof
of
number
antennas
antennas
doesnot
not
does
increase.
increase.
Agenda Day 2
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
RAN Sharing
Multilayer Planning
91
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
92
NOKIA
Describe
Describe what
what can
can cause
cause interference
interference
in
WCDMA/GSM
Co-Siting
in WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Describe
Describe the
the different
different antenna
antenna
system
sharing
solutions
system sharing solutions
Describe
Describe the
the meaning
meaning of
of coupling
coupling
loss
and
isolation
criteria
in
loss and isolation criteria in shared
shared
antennas
antennas
List
List the
the aspects
aspects having
having influence
influence to
to
the
overall
network
quality
the overall network quality
Explain
Explain the
the impact
impact of
of site
site &
& antenna
antenna
location
to
the
network
quality
location to the network quality
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Co-Siting Example: UltraSite & Citytalk

GSM
GSM
2+2+2
2+2+2
GSM
GSM 2+2+2
2+2+2
Site Space for 3 cabinets
Base Station Equipment:
Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS Suppreme with 6

Carriers,
Nokia Citytalk BTS with 6 TRXs.
Transmission Equipment:
Nokia FlexiHopper Microwave Radio
Separate Antennalines and Shared

Antennas:
3 pcs GSM/WCDMA Dual Band X-pol antennas 65

deg
Optional: Mast Head Amplifiers for one or both
networks
Nokia UltraSite Support:
7.8 kW rectifier capacity with N+1 redundancy

up to 180 Ah battery capacity
Backup time 1 hour
Site Environmental Data:
93
NOKIA
Footprint (Width mm x Depth mm)

Indoor: 1800 mm x 620 mm
Outdoor: 2310 mm x 1110mm
Weight: Indoor 1030 kg, Outdoor 1290 kg
WCDMA
WCDMA 2+2+2
2+2+2
(10
W)
(10 W)
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
94
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
GSM
GSM
2+2+2
2+2+2
GSM
GSM 2+2+2
2+2+2
Site Space for 4 cabinets
Base Station Equipment:
2 pcs Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS Supreme with 12 carriers in

each,
Citytalk GSM BTS with 6 TRXs.
Transmission Equipment:
Nokia UltraHopper Microwave Radio
Separate Antennalines and Shared Antennas:

3 pcs GSM/WCDMA Dual Band X-pol 65 deg/33 deg,
3 pcs WCDMA X-pol 33 deg antennas
Optional: Mast Head Amplifiers for one or both networks
UltraSite Support:
14.3 kW rectifier capacity with N+1 redundancy

up to 180 Ah battery capacity
Backup time 1 hour
Site Environmental Data:
Footprint (Width mm x Depth mm)

Indoor: 2400 mm x 620 mm
Outdoor: 3080 mm x 1110mm
Weight: Indoor 1320 kg, Outdoor 1650 kg
95
NOKIA
W
W 4+4+4+4+4+4
4+4+4+4+4+4
(10
(10 W)
W)
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Interference from Other System

GSM spurious emissions and intermodulation results of
GSM 1800 interfere WCDMA receiver sensitivity
WCDMA spurious emissions interfere GSM receiver
sensitivity
GSM transmitter blocks WCDMA receiver
WCDMA transmitter blocks GSM receiver
GSM
1800
UL
1710-1785
MHz
96
NOKIA
GSM
1800
DL
1805-1880
MHz
40
MHz
UMTS
UL
UMTS
DL
1920-1980
MHz
2110-2170
MHz
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Interference from Other System

Two main reasons to isolate GSM and WCDMA
Blocking
Sensitivity
Thermal noise floor of the

WCDMA band is -108 dBm
=> in theory -108 dBm - (-80
dBm) = 28 dB isolation
needed between GSM1800
and WCDMA
-106
-106.5
-107
-107.5
-108
30
97
More information: TS 25.104 and GSM 05.05
NOKIA
NEW spec: -96 dBm / 0.1 MHz
-105.5
Noise Power (dBm)
GSM1800 BTS can have up

to -96 dBm / 0.1 MHz = -80
dBm / 4 MHz (relation to 3,84
Mchips) spurious emissions
at the antenna connector1
40
50
60
70
Antenna Isolation (dB)
80
90
100
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Harmonic distortion
Harmonic distortion can be a problem in the case of cositing of GSM900 and WCDMA.
GSM900 DL frequencies are 935 - 960 MHz and second
harmonics may fall into the WCDMA TDD band and into
the lower end of the FDD band.
2nd harmonics
fGSM = 950 - 960 MHz
GSM900
935 - 960 MHz
...
WCDMAWCDMA FDD
TDD 1920 - 1980
2nd
harmonics
can be filtered
out at the
output of
GSM900 BTS.
f
98
NOKIA
1900 -1920
MHz
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
IM Distortion from GSM1800 DL to WCDMA

UL
GSM1800 IM3 (3 means

third order) products
are hitting into the
WCDMA FDD UL RX
fIM3 = 2f2 - f1
band if
1862.6 f2 1879.8 MHz
1805.2 f1 1839.6 MHz
f1
f2
X dBc fIM3
GSM1800
UL
GSM1800
DL
For active elements IM

products levels are high
than IM products produc
by passive components
Typical IM3 suppressio
values for power amplifi
are -30 -50 dBc
depending on frequency
spacing and offset
Typical values for pass
elements are
-100 -160 dBc
WCDMA
UL
WCDMA
DL
1710 - 1785 MHz 1805 - 1880 MHz

40 MHz1920 - 1980 MHz 2110 - 2170 MHz
99
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Spurious Emissions from GSM to WCDMA

Horizontal separation between antennas
By proper antenna placement 50dB
isolation reachable
No deterioration in performance if GSM
BTS compliant with -96dBm
100
NOKIA
GSM BTS
WCDMA BS
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting

Nokia's diplexer/triplexer combines
GSM/WCDMA to one feeder cable
Diplexer/Triplexer isolation > 50dB
Multiband Antenna
No deterioration in performance if
GSM BTS compliant with -96dBm
Nokia Diplexer/ Triplexer
101
NOKIA
GSM BTS
WCDMA BS
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting

Multipanel Antenna in use
Antenna isolation >30dB
General GSM requirements
fulfilled if GSM BTS compliant
with -96dBm
102
NOKIA
GSM BTS
Multiband Antenna
WCDMA BS
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting

Worst case scenario
Multiband Antenna
>30dB isolation assumption

GSM BTS spurious emissions
comply "old spec." -30dBm
Addiotional filter needed
Non-compliant GSM BTS

103
NOKIA
WCDMA BS
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Separate Antenna Lines
Typical Requirement for Minimum Coupling Loss between GSM and WCD
Nokia equipment
30 dB
Other
50 dB
Without Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers

With Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers
Antennas
for GSM
Nokia MHAs
for GSM
GSM BTS WCDMA BTS

104
NOKIA
Nokia Bias-Ts
GSM BTS
Antennas
for WCDMA
Nokia MHAs for

WCDMA
NokiaBias-Ts
WCDMA BTS
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Shared Antenna Lines with Separate Antennas

Typical Isolation Requirement for diplexers used with:
Nokia equipment
30 dB
Other
50 dB

GSM AntennaWCDMA Antenna
GSM Antenna WCDMA Antenna
Nokia MHAs for GSM
Nokia GSM / WCDMA

Diplexer Units
GSM BTS
105
NOKIA
WCDMA BTS
Nokia WCDMA MHAs

Nokia Outdoor
Bias-Ts
Separate DC feed
for new Nokia MHAs
Nokia GSM/WCDMA
Diplexer Units with
Selectable DC pass
Nokia Bias-Ts
GSM BTS
WCDMA BTS
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Shared Antenna Lines with Shared

Antennas
GSM/WCDMA Dual Band
X-polarized antenna with
4 antenna connectors
(Separate Elements for both
GSM/WCDMA Dual Band

X-polarized antenna with
2 antenna connectors
(1800/WCDMA wideband
Systems))
element or
built in diplexer function)
GSM/WCDMA
Diplexer Units inside
GSM BTS cabinet
GSM BTS
106
NOKIA
WCDMA BTS
Nokia
Outdo
or
BiasTs
Nokia GSM/WCDMA
Diplexer Units with
Selectable DC pass
Nokia
Bias-Ts
GSM BTS
Separate DC feed
for new Nokia MHAs
WCDMA BTS
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Antenna Isolation Measurement Example:

Horizontal
Antenna A
(fixed)
GSM1800
Antenna B
UMTS
Front View
horizontal
separation
distance
Side View
direction of radiation
1000mm
2000mm
400mm
650mm
Figure 5. Sketch of measurement configuration

107
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Antenna Isolation Measurement Example:

Horizontal
GSM1800 65 deg to UMTS 65 deg
Horizontal co-polar measurements
75.00
Isolation (dB)
70.00
1900MHz
1950MHz
1980MHz
65.00
60.00
55.00
50.00
50dB marker
45.00
40.00
Distance (m)
108
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Antenna isolation measurements II:

Vertical
Antenna B
UMTS
Antenna A
GSM1800
(fixed)
10m
Figure 11. Sketch of measurement configuration

109
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Antenna isolation measurements II:

Vertical
GSM1800 115 deg to UMTS 65 deg
85.00
80.00
Noise Floor
Noise Floor
Is o la tio n (d B )
75.00
1900MHz
1950MHz
1980MHz
70.00
65.00
60.00
55.00
50.00
Distance (m)
110
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Planning Rules in Co-siting

Isolation requirement
With Nokia equipment 30 dB
Without Nokia equipment 50 dB
GSM- WCDMA co-siting is possible if antenna isolation
requirement is fulfilled
By proper antenna placement
Di-
minimum Horizontal distance (~0.3 m)

minimum Vertical distance (0.25 m)
or triplexer is needed in case feeder and antenna

is shared between different systems
Tighter filtering is needed in Antenna line of Noncompliant GSM BTS to avoid the TX power
interference to WCDMA Rx
Careful frequency planning in GSM won't cause
interference to WCDMA
111
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment
Network Assessment
Assessment means the evaluation existing 2G sites &

antenna system and possible interference situation for
2G/3G Co-siting
112
NOKIA
Network Planning &
Design
Site Acquisition
Civil
Works
Imp Integrate.
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment - Network Quality
Requested Network Quality
as guaranteed KPI values =
Equipment Quality +
Network Implementation Quality Network
+
Planning
Network Planning Quality
Quality
TR
S
PS
Co
C
S
C re
or
Network Implementation Quality
e
Equipment Quality
Network Quality does NOT

depend only from network planning
113
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment - Dominance & little i

43 dBm
MS TX power
21 dBm
Ec/Io
-16.5 dB
BTS Eb/No
1.5
MS Eb/No
5.5
128 kbps
170
165
160
Other to own cell 0.2, 0.4, 0.6,

interference ratio i
0.8
Orthogonality
0.6
Channel profile
MS speed
ITU Vehicular
A, 3 km/h
3 km/h
MS/BTS NF
8 dB / 4 dB
Antenna gain
16 dBi
NOKIA
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.8
150
145
140
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
155
500
1000
DL throughput in kbps
Doubling of the "little i" will cause throughput

to decrease to 70% of the original value
114
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
D
C
B
Maximum propagation loss (dB)
BTS TX power
1500
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment - Question

Which one of the sites is suitable for 3G ?
115
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment - Answer
Low other to own cell interference can
be achieved by planning clear
dominance areas:
The cell coverage (and overlap) must
be properly controlled. The cell should
cover only what it is supposed to cover
Low(er) antenna heights and down tilt of

the antennas
Use buildings and other environmental

structures to isolate cells coverage
Use indoor solutions to take advantage

of the building penetration loss
Avoid sites "seeing" the buildings in

horizon especially over the water or
otherwise open area (due to huge
interference)
116
NOKIA
< 300 m
> 3 km
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment - Impact of tilting

Cell B - downhill gradient
Cell A - uphill gradient
Connnected to
over 15
neighbours !
significantly
greater
catchment
area
Too high
visibility across
the network
Has low capacity due to

huge inter-cell
interference and SHO
overhead
117
NOKIA
relatively
limited
catchment
area
The obvious solution is to

increase the antenna
downtilt to restrict the
cell footprint to a more
reasonable area
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment - Check List

Basic
Basicrules
rules
(1)
(1)Make
Makesure
sure
there
is
coverage
there is coverage
(2)
(2)Avoid
Avoidunnecessary
unnecessary
overlapping
overlappingof
ofcells
cells
(3)
(3)Locate
Locatecells
cells
close
to
users
close to users
(4)
(4)Make
Makecell
cellsizes
sizes
match
user
distribution
match user distribution
118
NOKIA
Problem
Problemindication
indication
ififrule
ruleisisnot
notapplied
applied
Solutions
Solutions
Dropped
Droppedcalls
calls
Bad
Badquality
quality
Low
bit
Low bitrates
rates
Do
Donot
notuse
usethis
thissite
site
Not
Notclear
cleardominance
dominancearea
area
High
Highinter-cell
inter-cellinterference
interference
Low
capacity
Low capacity
1.1.Use
UseAntenna
Antennatilting
tilting
2.2.Put
PutAntennas
Antennaslower
lower
3.3.Do
not
use
the
Do not use thesite
site
Users
Usersat
atthe
thecell
celledge
edge
high
highinter-cell
inter-cellinterference
interference
high
soft
handover
high soft handoveroverhead
overhead
Blocking
Blockingininsome
somecells,
cells,
others
do
not
collect
others do not collecttraffic
traffic
1.1.Use
UseDifferent
Differentsite
site
2.2.Use
Antenna
tilting
Use Antenna tilting
1.1.Use
UseAntenna
Antennatilting
tilting
2.2.Do
not
use
the
Do not use theSite
Site
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Co-siting Optimisation Example

WCDMA 1900 Network
Identified places for optimisation
Urban area:
high other-cell interference
Rural area:
a few sites collecting a lot of
interference
Optimisation approaches
Antenna down tilting
Antenna lowering
119
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Co-siting Optimisation Example - Rural
Area
27 sites, 49 cells
Omni, 2-sector and 3sector sites
Varying antenna heights
Area 15 km x 15 km
On average 8 km2 per site
Terrain: hilly with waters
120
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Co-siting Optimisation Example - Urban
Area
16 sites, 48 cells
All 3-sector sites
similar height
Area 10 km x 12 km
On average 7 km2 per site
Terrain: flat without waters
121
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
5 Degree Downtilt Everywhere - Capacity
Down tilting everywhere improved capacity in urban area
by 13%, but reduced slightly capacity in the rural area
The urban area benefited from down tilting because of
high overlapping of the cells before optimisation (=high i)
Optimization Effect
Before Optim
After Optim
Number of Users
2000
1500
1000
500
0
122
NOKIA
Rural
Urban
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
5 Degree Downtilt Everywhere - Coverage
Coverage probability got lower in urban area after
downtilting
Optimisation
2 branch Rx diversity
Indoor coverage
Outdoor coverage
(+20 dB loss)
Rural
before
Speech 12.2 kbps
95%
Data 64 kbps 85%
Data 144 kbps 78%
Urban
before
Speech 12.2 kbps
99.9%
Data 64 kbps 99.8%
Data 144 kbps99.1%
after before after

89%
40%
37%
77%
22%
22%
68%
15%
16%
after before after
99.9% 74%
61%
98.6% 46%
38%
96.2% 33%
29%
Coverage %
reduced after
downtilting
123
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Optimisation Affects Neighbouring Sites
Those sites which
suffered are close to the
optimised sites
Also the surrounding
sites should be
considered in the
optimisation
performance
decreased
optimised
site
124
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Little i After Optimisation Urban Area
After optimisation the little i is more uniform in all cells,

i.e. the performance of the worst cells has clearly
improved
Average little i 1.3 0.78
125
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Number of Users After Optimisation Urban

Area
Worst
cells
clearly
improve
d
After optimisation the number of users per cell is more

uniform in all cells, i.e. the performance of the worst cells
has clearly improved
Average number of users 36 41 (i.e. capacity increase
~13%)
126
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Soft Handover Overhead After

Optimisation
Soft Hand-Off Overhead and Probability (Original)
Soft Hand-Off Overhead and Probability (Optim)
45%
Rural
40%
Urban
45%
Rural
40%
35%
35%
30%
30%
25%
25%
20%
20%
15%
15%
10%
10%
5%
5%
Urban
0%
0%
SHOProb.
Soft(+er)HOverhead
SHOverhead
AreaProb%
SHOProb.
Soft(+er)HOverhead
SHOverhead
AreaProb%
Soft handover overhead is reduced after optimisation in

urban area since the cell overlapping (=little i) is
reduced
Soft handover probability reduced 30% 26%
Soft handover overhead reduced 39% 33%
127
NOKIA
Agenda Day 2
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
RAN Sharing
Multilayer Planning
128
NOKIA
RAN Sharing
129
NOKIA
Explain
Explain the
the meaning
meaning of
of RAN
RAN sharing
sharing
and
its
key
benefits
and its key benefits
Explain
Explain what
what network
network elements
elements are
are
possible
to
be
shared
in
RAN
possible to be shared in RAN
Describe
Describe the
the most
most important
important network
network
planning
issues
to
be
taken
into
planning issues to be taken into
account
account in
in RAN
RAN sharing
sharing
RAN Sharing
Overview
Network sharing, i.e. one network operator provides the

entire network for certain area's with the other acting as a
MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator).
No impact on the radio network dimensioning
Geographical network sharing, i.e. one operator south, one
north
Site sharing, i.e. sharing new or existing sites including
antennas, site support systems and potentially transmission
RAN sharing (Multioperator RAN), i.e. sharing the entire
RAN in a specific area where the amount of traffic is predicted
to be low, so that it does not make economically sense to build
independent networks
130
NOKIA
RAN Sharing
From Site Sharing to RAN Sharing

Scope of sharing:
RNC
Site environment
BTS Equipment space (cabinet)
SiteSupportSystem
Transmission
Antenna and feeders (optional)
Cost savings in
Civil works
Equipment (feeders, antennas,
BBU)
Annual rents
Site acquisition( hunting,
permissions etc)
Operational costs
Transmission (and transmission
management)
131
NOKIA
Sharing of RNCs and BTSs:
Initial coverage with low service

demand
Low-traffic areas
Places with limited BTS sites,
e.g. subways
Fewer sites with larger
configurations when
Environmental impact counts
Up to 4 operators with own:
Core networks
Services
Network Management System
Dedicated RAN from any vendor
in non-shared areas
RAN Sharing
Concept
Operator 1
CS CN
MNC 1
Operator 1
PS CN
Shared RNC
Frequency 1
MNC 1
Shared BTS
Operator 2
Frequency 2
CS CN
Operator 2
PS CN
MNC 2
MNC 2
3) dedicated BTS for each operator
OSS of
one operator
or Multi-RAN OSS
1) cabinet, BB, WAF, WPA shared

dedicated WTR
Reqired: Frequencies within 20MHz band!
132
NOKIA
2) cabinet and BB shared

dedicated WAF,WPA, WTR
RAN Sharing
Concept
1. Sharing whole BTS including WPA:

ANT1/1
ANT2/1
D
P
X
WPA
WAF 28/50 W
2. Cabinet and BB shared:

D
P
X
WAF
ANT2/1
D
P
X
Common Antennasystem
(feeders, antennas, MHAs)
133
NOKIA
Operator specific
WTR
TX
RX
RX
Common Antennasystem
WAF and WPA
ANT1/1
WTR
TX
RX
RX
WPA
28/50 W
WPA
28/50 W
NOTE: Frequencies
need to be within 20
MHz band
WTR
TX
RX
RX
WTR
TX
RX
RX
Operator specific
WTR, WPA and
WAF
- no frequency restriction
- higher outputpower per carrier
- with Rel.2 units up to 4+4+4/20W
per carrier
RAN Sharing
How Operators can work with shared RAN ?

Each Operator has own
PLMN -id
Carrier Frequency
RRM parameters & traffic Monitoring
Neighbour cell lists (own Inter-System HO decisions)
Operators may add independently BTS where they
want to provide better coverage or more capacity
Due to own Frequencies and PLMN-id.
Operator specific cell is possible
Mobile Stations (MS) can show appropriate operator logo
Global roaming easy
No extra support features from MSs needed,
works with 3GPP R99 WCDMA MSs
Needs SW-update to Nokia WCDMA RAN
134
NOKIA
Agenda Day 2
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
RAN Sharing
Multilayer Planning
135
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
136
NOKIA
Explain
Explain the
the meaning
meaning of
of WCDMA/GSM
WCDMA/GSM
interworking
interworking
Explain
Explain the
the reasons
reasons for
for multilayer
multilayer
usage
and
how
it
is
done
usage and how it is done
Describe
Describe the
the 3G
3G network
network evolution
evolution
from
cell
layer
point
of
view
from cell layer point of view
Explain
Explain when
when compressed
compressed mode
mode is
is
needed
and
what
drawback
it
has
needed and what drawback it has
Explain
Explain on
on what
what criteria
criteria cellcellreselection
and
handover
reselection and handover strategies
strategies
are
based
on
are based on
Multilayer Planning
Interworking in RAN 1.5

Interworking means Handover functionality between GSM and
WCDMA or between WCDMA carriers
Handover from GSM to WCDMA or from WCDMA to GSM is intersystem hard handover
Handover between WCDMA carriers is inter-frequency hard
handover (intra-BTS, intra-RNC, inter-RNC handover)
Interworking is possible also in idle mode when making cell reselection
Handover reasons are mainly based on
coverage in WCDMA and load in GSM
Compressed mode is used in WCDMA for
inter-frequency or inter-system
neighbour measurements before
handover decision
Service downgrade/upgrade might be
needed during inter-system handover
137
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Handover Types in RAN 1.5

Operator 1
Operator 2
3G HLR/AUC
E-interface
MSC/VLR
3G
3G MSC
3G HLR/AUC
MGW
A-interface
2G MSC/VLR
Iu (cs)-interface
GSM BSS
MGW
GSM BSS
Intersystem,
Intra-MSC,
Intra-PLMN
UMTS RAN
Intrasystem,
Intra-MSC,
Intra-PLMN
UMTS RAN
138
NOKIA
Intrasystem,
Inter-MSC,
Inter-PLMN
UMTS RAN
Intrasystem,
UMTS RAN Inter-MSC,
Intra-PLMN
Intersystem,
Inter-MSC,
Inter-PLMN
MSC/VLR
2G
2G HLR/AUC
GSM BSS
Multilayer Planning
Introduction
Multilayer Network means

the use of microcellular
network to give more
capacity needed in traffic hot
spots
Macro layer is mainly used
for coverage and fast moving
mobiles
Micro layer is used to provide
capacity for traffic hot spots
Typically different
frequencies are used for
different layers
Other layers frequency
can be reused in some
cases
139
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Capacity in Macro vs. Micro Environments
Packet data throughput, calculated with CDMA capacity

formulas
Assumptions
Micro cell:
higher orthogonality
Micro: higher
isolation between cells
Results
These figures without

transmit diversity
Downlink capacity is more sensitive to the environment because of

orthogonal codes (other cell interference affects more downlink)
Micro cells provide a higher capacity due to less multipath
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NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Multilayer Antennas
The general rule is that microcellular antenna placement provides

better (very high) capacity but lower coverage
The key question is : When this should be done?
The capacity is high because the cells are well isolated and the DL
is quite orthogonal
The coverage is low because the very same buildings that isolate
the cells from each other also isolate the mobiles from the Node B
in larger cells
The factors affecting the decision include at least
Traffic density
Max required bitrate in the UL direction
Inter-cell interference with different antenna positions
Propagation loss with different antenna positions
Site acquisition costs
Etc.
141
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Solution 1
Most simple usage of two carriers.

In an area which is covered by a
continuous cell layer and the
capacity requirement exceeds the
available capacity the most simple
solution is to add a second carrier
fWCDMA
ff1, WCDMA
ff2
ff1 , ff2
to the cells, co-located with the WCDMA
WCDMAff1,1,WCDMA
f22
1, WCDMA
2
1, 2
first carrier.
This process can be continued
further to additional carriers.
Compressed mode raises the
interference.
The traffic between the carriers
could be balanced by directed RRC
connection setup in the call setup
phase and by inter-frequency
handovers.
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NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Solution 2
Micro cell layer in the middle of

surrounding macro cells using the same
carrier as the macro cells.
This way of mixing different cell types is
fully applicable but it requires that clear
dominance areas for micro and macro
WCDMA
WCDMA
WCDMAff11
WCDMAff11
layers.
This is a microcell solutions for covering
W
f1
Wff11W
Wff1W
holes
1W f1
In long run going to smaller cell sizes
cannot be avoided in hot-spot areas, and
a micro cellular solution has the benefit
that inter-cell interference is minimised,
leading to increasing cell throughput and
user bit-rates.
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NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Solution 3
Different frequencies are used

for different layers (Hierachical
Cell Structure HCS)
From the network planning point
of view this solution is easier to
deploy than the previous since
overlapping is possible.
The macro layer can collect
traffic from micro layer's
dominance area whereas in
solution 2 macro cells and micro
cells collect traffic within their
own dominance areas.
This is the microcell solutions for
capacity reasons
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NOKIA
WCDMA
WCDMAff11
WCDMA
WCDMAff11
W
Wff22 W
Wff22 W
Wff22 W
Wff22
Multilayer Planning
Solution 4
In addition to solution 3 the

GSM/GPRS macrolayer is added to
HCS
Dual mode UEs can change to
GSM/GPRS where no WCDMA
coverage exists, this enables to
provide seamless 3G services
without seamless WCDMA
coverage
Allows traffic balancing between
GSM/GRPS and WCDMA
Compressed mode raises the
interference. BSIC decoding is
time consuming
This is the solution if WCDMA/GSM
interworking is required
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NOKIA
GSM/GPRS
GSM/GPRS GSM/GPRS
GSM/GPRS
WCDMA
WCDMAff11
WCDMA
WCDMAff11
W
Wff22 W
Wff22W
Wff22W
Wff22
Multilayer Planning
RAN1.5 Handover functionality

GSM/GPRS
GSM/GPRS GSM/GPRS
GSM/GPRS
WCDMA
WCDMA
Load reason IS-HO W
from GSM(BSS10.5) W
WCDMA
WCDMA
W
W
W
W
W
W
GSM handover
Based on RSSI measurements of all cells in neighbour list

Controlled by HO algorithms in BSC
Based on pilot Ec/No measurements of all cells in neighbour lists on the same frequency
Mobile Evaluated handover (MEHO) controlled by SHO parameters
Based on measurement results in serving cell
WCDMA soft handover
WCDMA IF & IS handover
146
Coverage (CPICH RSCP or CPICH Ec/No)

UL DCH quality,UL DCH Power, DL DPCH power
Network evaluated handover (NEHO) controlled by IF and IS HO parameters
NOKIA
GSM/GPRS
GSM/GPRS
WCDMA
WCDMA
GSM/GPRS
GSM/GPRS
Coverage reason IS-HO
Coverage reason IF-HO
Multilayer Planning
WCDMA Compressed Mode

Compressed mode is the method to create idle periods (=gap) in the
transmission in order to perform Inter-Frequency or Inter-System
measurements during the gap
Measurement
Measurementgap
gap
Normal frame
Compressed
mode
Normal frame
Because same data amount is sent during shorter time it has the
following affect to the cell
Reduced UL coverage
Reduces DL capacity
Reduced Quality
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NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Cell Re-selection between layers
Cell selection & re-selection can be done
without HCS operation

with HCS operation
Normally cell re-selection is done to cell having better coverage,

but with HCS operation the cell re-selection is also possible to the
weaker cell or to the GSM (in case they have higher priority)
Both quality and level should be good enough in the neighbour
cell before cell re-selection
Neighbour cells with different priorities could be prioritised by
using offset during penalty time
Cells having same priorities (or HCS not used) are ranked and cell
re-selection is done to the best cell
Traffic balancing with directed RRC connection setup is possible in
WCDMA
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NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Usage of Hierarchical Cells

Use HCS parameters => mobile camps to micro cell
whenever it is available
HCS parameters not supported in dedicated mode
Macro
Hot spot
area
f1
f1
f2
f2 f2
f2 f2
f2 f2
f2
f2
f2
f1
f1
f1
f1
Fast
Fastmoving
movingMSsMSsfeature
can
also
feature can also
be
beused
usedtotopush
push
UE
to
Macro
UE to MacroLayer
Layer
totoavoid
frequent
avoid frequent
cell
cellre-selection
re-selection
Micros
f1
f1
f1
f1
Start call in micro cell Coverage reason handover

because of HCS priorities from micro to macro
149
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Fast Moving Mobiles in Micro Cells

Fast moving mobiles can be handed over from micro
frequency to macro frequency
High mobility is detected based on the frequency of
active set updates
WCDMA
WCDMAmacro
macrof1
f1
Micro
Microf2
f2
Micro
Microf2
f2
Fast moving mobile
150
NOKIA
Micro
Microf2
f2
XMicro f2
Micro f2
Too frequent active set updates

within micro frequency initiate
inter-frequency handover to
macro frequency
Multilayer Planning
Cell Re-selection Rules
During cell re-selection it is possible to camp on GSM
or WCDMA depening how parameters are set in serving
and neighbouring cell
Camping on GSM is recommended:
Continious GSM coverage
3G ->2G handover amount is reduced or it is not at
all supported
Camping on WCDMA is recommended:
Continious 3G coverage, utilize fully 3G network
For dual mode Mobiles
2G ->3G handover is not supported
Initial Nokia implementation strategy is to push all
dual mode MS to WCDMA
151
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Inter-System Handover Rules

5 Handover Triggering reasons is possible from WCDMA
CPICH Ec/No, CPICH RSCP, UL quality & Power, DL Power
GSM neighbours are measured only in Compressed

mode, not all the time
UE needs more power for neighbour measurements
during compressed mode -> measurements should
start early enough
BSIC decoding time need to be taken into account; the
ISHO procedure could take more time in case many
GSM neighbours are measured as neighbours
Handover from GSM to WCDMA is done only if GSM
load is high enough
152
NOKIA

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3G

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Conversational class is meant for traffic which is very

Radio Resource Management

Maximum user data rate 384 kbps (512kbps DL in

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management (RRM) is responsible for efficient

Radio Resource Management

Network based functions

Connection based functions

Radio Resource Management

Power control (PC) maintains radio link level quality

The quality requirements are tried to get with minimum

Handover Control (HC) controls the active state

HC maintains the radio link quality and minimises the radio

Radio Resource Management

Admission Control (AC) decides whether a request

Admission control is used to maintain stability and to achieve

Load Control (LC) continuously updates the load

Load Control and provides this information to the AC and PS

Radio Resource Management

Packet scheduler (PS) schedules radio resources for

The traffic load of cell determines the scheduled transmission

Radio Resource Management

Keep load at PrxTraget

Keep load at PrxTraget

RRM has the ability to manage

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Fast Closed loop PC measures the Interference level

Quality loop: Maintains

Radio Resource Management

UL Open loop power control for initial power setting of the UE

Radio Resource Management

Fast Closed loop power control (UL/DL)

Radio Resource Management

Outer loop power control

Radio Resource Management

if SIR > (SIR)set then "down"

UE1 and UE2 are transmitting on the same frequency

Different path attenuations are compensated by using

Radio Resource Management

Uplink Outer Loop Power Control

required (SIR)set for 1 % FER

outer loop TPC maintains link

during soft handover: comes

if FER increase then

if SIR > (SIR)set then "down"

Radio Resource Management

Common Channel Power Planning

BTS power allocation rule:

Radio Resource Management

At low UE speed, power control compensates the

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Strongest pilot in active set

1. The CPICH Ec/N0 exceeds