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    Ch11 Transport

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    Abdullah Ashraf Elkordy
    This document discusses the transport layer (layer 4) of the TCP/IP model. It explains that the transport layer addresses limitations of the network layer by allowing reliable delivery of packets, controlling traffic flow, and tracking multiple conversations between hosts. The main transport layer protocols are TCP and UDP. TCP provides connection-oriented and reliable transmission using mechanisms like the three-way handshake, flow control via windowing, and positive acknowledgement with retransmission. UDP provides connectionless and unreliable transmission with lower overhead.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Ch11 Transport

    Uploaded by

    Abdullah Ashraf Elkordy
    37 views28 pages
    This document discusses the transport layer (layer 4) of the TCP/IP model. It explains that the transport layer addresses limitations of the network layer by allowing reliable delivery of packets, controlling traffic flow, and tracking multiple conversations between hosts. The main transport layer protocols are TCP and UDP. TCP provides connection-oriented and reliable transmission using mechanisms like the three-way handshake, flow control via windowing, and positive acknowledgement with retransmission. UDP provides connectionless and unreliable transmission with lower overhead.

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    transport channel of cisco

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    This document discusses the transport layer (layer 4) of the TCP/IP model. It explains that the transport layer addresses limitations of the network layer by allowing reliable delivery of packets, controlling traffic flow, and tracking multiple conversations between hosts. The main transport layer protocols are TCP and UDP. TCP provides connection-oriented and reliable transmission using mechanisms like the three-way handshake, flow control via windowing, and positive acknowledgement with retransmission. UDP provides connectionless and unreliable transmission with lower overhead.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    37 views28 pages

    Ch11 Transport

    Uploaded by

    Abdullah Ashraf Elkordy
    This document discusses the transport layer (layer 4) of the TCP/IP model. It explains that the transport layer addresses limitations of the network layer by allowing reliable delivery of packets, controlling traffic flow, and tracking multiple conversations between hosts. The main transport layer protocols are TCP and UDP. TCP provides connection-oriented and reliable transmission using mechanisms like the three-way handshake, flow control via windowing, and positive acknowledgement with retransmission. UDP provides connectionless and unreliable transmission with lower overhead.

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    Chabot College

    ELEC 99.05
    Transport Layer (4)

    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    TCP/IP Protocol Suite (simplified)


    Layer 7

    Layer 4

    FTP

    HTTP

    DNS

    TFTP

    :21

    :80

    :53

    :69

    TCP

    UDP

    (connection-oriented)

    (connectionless)

    ICMP
    Layer 3

    Layer 1 & 2
    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    ARP

    Token Ring

    IP

    Ethernet

    (includes Ping & Traceroute)

    FDDI

    Layer 3 - Network Layer


    In Chapters 10 & 11, we covered Layer
    3 protocols:
    Internet Protocol (IP)
    Used for addressing

    Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)


    Used to relate IP and MAC addresses

    Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)


    Used for ping and traceroute commands

    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    Layer 3 - IP, ARP, ICMP


    Layer 7

    Layer 4

    FTP

    HTTP

    DNS

    TFTP

    :21

    :80

    :53

    :69

    TCP

    UDP

    (connection-oriented)

    (connectionless)

    ICMP
    Layer 3

    Layer 1 & 2
    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    ARP

    Token Ring

    IP

    Ethernet

    (includes Ping & Traceroute)

    FDDI

    Layer 3 Limitations
    No way to assure delivery of packets.
    No way to control traffic flow to prevent
    hosts from being overwhelmed by
    data arriving too fast.
    No way to keep track of multiple
    conversations between between pairs
    of hosts running multiple applications.
    (e.g. mail & web)
    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    Layer 4 - Transport Layer


    Layer 4 addresses these limitations.

    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    Transport Layer Functions


    Segments data from upper layer
    applications.
    Uses port numbers to direct data to/from
    correct upper layer application (more
    about ports in Semester 2).
    Establishes end-to-end connection.
    Optionally, provides flow control and data
    reliability.
    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    Function: Data Segmentation

    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    Transport Layer Protocols


    TCP/IP uses two protocols at Layer 4:
    TCP and UDP.

    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    Layer 4 - TCP & UDP


    Layer 7

    Layer 4

    FTP

    HTTP

    DNS

    TFTP

    :21

    :80

    :53

    :69

    TCP

    UDP

    (connection-oriented)

    (connectionless)

    ICMP
    Layer 3

    Layer 1 & 2
    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    ARP

    Token Ring

    IP

    Ethernet

    (includes Ping & Traceroute)

    FDDI

    TCP vs UDP
    TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
    connection-oriented, reliable (virtual circuit)
    divides outgoing messages into segments
    reassembles messages at the destination
    re-sends anything not received
    provides flow control
    more overhead than UDP (less efficient)

    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    TCP vs UDP
    UDP - User Datagram Protocol
    connectionless, unreliable, does not
    check message delivery
    sends datagrams
    does not reassemble incoming messages
    provides no flow control
    low overhead - faster than TCP

    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    TCP and UDP


    A packet will use either TCP or UDP,
    but not both.
    Normally, the application makes this
    choice for the user.

    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    TCP
    FTP

    HTTP

    DNS

    TFTP

    :21

    :80

    :53

    :69

    TCP

    UDP

    (connection-oriented)

    (connectionless)

    IP

    Ethernet
    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    UDP
    FTP

    HTTP

    DNS

    TFTP

    :21

    :80

    :53

    :69

    TCP

    UDP

    (connection-oriented)

    (connectionless)

    IP

    Ethernet
    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    Function: Direct Data to


    Applications
    Uses port numbers.
    We will study ports further in Semester 2.

    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    Function: Establish Connection

    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    TCP is connection-oriented
    TCP establishes a connection with
    a host by using the three-way
    handshake.
    handshake

    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    TCP Code Bits


    Six bits in the TCP header play an
    important role in establishing, maintaining,
    and terminating a connection:
    ACK - Acknowledgement
    PSH - Push Function

    URG
    ACK
    PSH
    RST
    SYN
    FIN

    URG - Urgent Pointer

    RST - Reset Request


    SYN - Synchronization Request
    FIN - End of Transmission Marker
    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    TCP Code Bits


    To initiate a TCP three way
    handshake, the code bits are set:

    URG
    ACK
    PSH
    RST
    SYN
    FIN

    0 0 0 0 1 0

    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    An Example TCP Header

    URG
    ACK
    PSH
    RST
    SYN
    FIN

    TCP - Transport Control Protocol


    Source Port:
    2352
    Destination Port: 80 World Wide Web HTTP
    Sequence Number: 102274726
    Ack Number:
    0
    Offset:
    7
    Reserved:
    %000000
    Code:
    %000010
    Sync Sequence
    Window:
    8192
    Checksum:
    0x6711
    Urgent Pointer:
    0
    TCP Options:

    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    An Example TCP Header

    URG
    ACK
    PSH
    RST
    SYN
    FIN

    TCP - Transport Control Protocol


    Source Port:
    80 World Wide Web HTTP
    Destination Port: 2352
    Sequence Number: 2913145779
    Ack Number:
    102274727
    Offset:
    6
    Reserved:
    %000000
    Code:
    %010010
    Ack is valid
    Sync Sequence
    Window:
    17520
    Checksum:
    0x9640
    Urgent Pointer:
    0
    TCP Options:

    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    An Example TCP Header

    URG
    ACK
    PSH
    RST
    SYN
    FIN

    TCP - Transport Control Protocol


    Source Port:
    2352
    Destination Port: 80 World Wide Web HTTP
    Sequence Number: 102274727
    Ack Number:
    2913145780
    Offset:
    5
    Reserved:
    %000000
    Code:
    %010000
    Ack is valid
    Window:
    8760
    Checksum:
    0xd035
    Urgent Pointer:
    0

    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    syn flood Attacks


    Use vast numbers of TCP synchronization
    requests to overwhelm a host.
    %000010
    Synch Sequence
    Window:
    8192
    Checksum:
    0x6711
    Urgent Pointer:
    0
    TCP Options:

    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    URG
    ACK
    PSH
    RST
    SYN
    FIN

    Code:

    Function: Flow Control


    Used only by TCP.

    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    Windowing (TCP only)

    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    Window Size
    Specifies number of octets a host is willing
    to accept in the next TCP segment to be
    sent.
    Defines the amount of data that can be
    transmitted without receiving an ack
    (acknowledgement).

    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

    Function: Reliability (PAR)


    Positive Acknowledgement w/
    Retransmission

    Packet 5
    not
    received

    CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

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