Dihedral Group Segi3

DIHEDRAL GROUP
Dina Fitriya Alwi

13610012
Risna Zulfa Musriroh 13610013
Nur Hidayati
13610087
DIHEDRAL GROUP
Dehidral group is a group of symmetris

compilation from regular side-n, notated by
D2n , for each n is the positive integer, n 3.
Regular Poligon with n side has 2n different
Symmetry, it's n ratation symmetry and n
refection symmetry.
if n is odd, each axis of symmetry connect
center line to accros line of it.
if n is even there are
symmetry axis
connecting between side and side other and

symmetry axis connecting between angle and
angle other.
R1
R3
DIHEDRAL OF TRIANGLE
F3
F2
F1
R2
6 ROTATION AND REFLECTION ON DIHEDRAL GROUP

For
the rotation on 3 , will be shown on triangel
flat
1
1 =
3 = 3600
1200
3
2 = 2400
And
the rotation will be written as follow :
In 1 will be rotated as far as 120 at a center point 0 and opposite with clockwise
So, 1 1 = 2
1 2 = 3
1 =
1
2
2 3
3 1
1 3 =1
Then will be written in cycle form as follow :
1 = (1 2 3)
In 2 will be rotated as far as 240 at a center point 0 at a center point and opposite
with clockwise
So, 2 (1) = 3
2 3 =2
2 =
1 3
3 2
2
1
2 (2) = 1
2 = (1 3 2)
In 3 will be rotated as far as 360 at a center point 0 at a center

point an opposite with clockwise
So, 3 (1) = 1
1 2 3
3 (2) = 2
3 =
1 2 3
3 (3) = 3
3 = 1 2 (3)
following reflection 3 at two dimensional shape

(triagle)
The
1 1
2
And
its reflection will be written as follows :
Reflection
1 =
(2 3)
Reflection
2
about 2nd axis
= (1 3)
Reflection
3
about 1st axis
= (1 2)
about 3rd axis
ROTATION OPPOSITE WITH CLOCKWISE DIRECTION

1
R1
R3
F3
F2
F1
2
R2
ROTATION EQUAL CLOCKWISE DIRECTION

1
R3
R1
F2
F3
F1
R2
Example:
- Rotation notated with Rn
- Reflection notated with Fn
P3 = R1, R2, R3, F1, F2, F3
with operation of compostion form the group.
Symmetry on Triangle
R3
R3
R3
R1
R1
R2
R2
F1
F1
F2
F2
F3
F3
R1
R2
F1
R1
R2
F1
R2
R3
F2
R3
R1
F3
F3
F2
R3
F1
F3
R1
F2
F1
R2
F2
F3
F2
F3
F3
F1
F1
F2
R2
R1
R3
R2
R1
R3
R1R1= R2
R3F2= F2
R1= (1 2 3); R2 = (1 3 2)
R3 = (1) (2) (3) ; F2 = (1 3)
Compostion
Compostion
R1R1(1)=R1 (R1(1))=R1(2)=3
R3F2(1)=R3 (F2(1))=R3(3)=3
R1R1(2)=R1 (R1(2))=R1(3)=1
R3F2(2)=R3 (F2(2))=R3(2)=2
R1R1(3)=R1 (R1(3))=R1(1)=2
R3F2(3)=R3 (F2(3))=R3(1)=1
Permutation
Permutation
R1R1=
=
R3F2=
=
Cycle
Cycle
R1R1= (1 2 3)(1 2 3)
R3F2= I (1 3)
= (1 3 2)
= (1 3)
F1R1= F2
F3F3= R3
R1= (1 2 3); F1= (2 3); F2 = (1 3)
F3 = (1 2); R3 = (1) (2) (3)
Compostion
Compostion
F1R1(1)=F1 (R1(1))=F1(2)=3
F3F3(1)=F3 (F3(1))=F3(2)=1
F1R1(2)=F1 (R1(2))=F1(3)=2
F3F3(2)=F3 (F3(2))=F3(1)=2
F1R1(3)=F1 (R1(3))=R1(1)=1
F3F3(3)=F3 (F3(3))=F3(3)=3
Permutation
Permutation
R1F1=
=
F3F3=
=
Cycle
Cycle
F1R1= (1 2 3)(2 3)
F3F3= (1 2) (1 2)
= (1 3)
= (1) (2) (3)
3 ,
BIJECTION FUNCTION
6 , *
>
>
>
>
>
sr
>
CHARACTERISTIC OF DIHEDRAL GROUP
(Dummit and Foote, 2004)
Implies: - The set of rotation = R1, R2, R3

- The set of reflection = F1, F2, F3
then related R1 ~ and F1 ~
D6 =D2.3
= 1, r, r2, s, sr, sr2
The Relation from P3 to D6
r2
sr
sr2
1
r
r2
s
sr
sr2
1
r
r2
s
sr
sr2
r
r2
1
sr
sr2
s
r2
1
r
sr2
s
sr
s
sr2
sr
1
r2
r
sr
s
sr2
r
1
r2
sr2
sr
s
r2
r
1
rr
=r2
rr2=r3=1
r2 r=r3=1
rsr=sr r1
=sr(r2)
=s
r2 r2=r4=r
r sr2=sr2 r1
=sr2(r2)
=sr
s r=r-1 s
=s (r1) 1
=sr
sr r2=(r2)-1 sr
=sr (r2)1) 1
=sr(r2)
=sr3
=s
ssr=s r
=s r
=1 r
=r
sr sr2=s rs r2
=s s r1 r2
=s s r2 r2
=r4=r
LATTICE DIAGRAM FOR SUBGRUPS OF D6
D6 = ,
sr
sr2
=
, , 2 =
, =
1, sr = sr
1, sr2 = sr2
LATTICE DIAGRAM FOR SUBGRUPS OF D6

2 = r,s
6 = 2.3 = (1, r, 2 , s, sr, 2 )
Subgroup of dihedral groups-6 are:
{1}=1
{1, r, 2 +=r
*1, s+=s
{1, sr+=sr
{1, 2 += 2
r,s
s
sr
8 = 2.4 = {1, r, 2 , 3 , s, sr, 2 , 3 )

Subgroup of dihedral groups-8 are:
1.
D8 = r, s
2.
{1}=r
3.
{1, r, 2 , 3 +=r r2, s
4.
{1, 2 }= 2
5.
{1, s}= s
6.
{1, sr+=sr
s

7.
{1, 2 += 2
8.
{1, 3 }= 3
9.
{1, 2 , s, 2 }= 2 , s
2
2
2
10. {1, , sr, += , sr
r, s
, sr
sr
HOMORFISME & ISOMORFISME
(1 2 ) = () *( 2 )
(3 ) = * 2
(3 ) = 3
3
= 3
For all element to preserving propery
3 6
IDENTITY
r1 r 3 = r1
r2 r3 = r2
r3 r3 = r3 = 1
So, can be known that identity = r 3
INVERS
I = r3
11 = 1
r 1 = r 2
(r 2 )1 =r
s 1 = s
(sr)1 = sr
(sr 2 )1 = sr 2
ORDER
(R1 )3 = 1 1 1 = 3
(R 2 )3 = 2 2 2 = 3
(R 3 )1 = 3
| 1 |= 3
| 2 |= 3
| 3 |= 1
(F1 )2 = 1 1 = 3
(F2 )2 = 2 2 = 3
(F3 )2 = 3 3 = 3
| 1 |= 2
| 2 |= 2
| 3 |= 2
ORDER
= 3
2 2 2= 6 3
3 = 3
||=3
|2|=3
|3|=1
= 3
s = 3
2 2 = 3
|s|=|s2|=|s3|=|sn1|=2
||=3
|s|=3
|s2|=3
Because s is notation of reflection, sufficiently 2 times reflection to

return original position then order from reflection is 2.

Dihedral Group Segi3

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DIHEDRAL GROUP

Dina Fitriya Alwi

Dehidral group is a group of symmetris

connecting between side and side other and

6 ROTATION AND REFLECTION ON DIHEDRAL GROUP

the rotation on 3 , will be shown on triangel

the rotation will be written as follow :

In 3 will be rotated as far as 360 at a center point 0 at a center

following reflection 3 at two dimensional shape

its reflection will be written as follows :

about 2nd axis

about 1st axis

about 3rd axis

ROTATION OPPOSITE WITH CLOCKWISE DIRECTION

ROTATION EQUAL CLOCKWISE DIRECTION

R3 = (1) (2) (3) ; F2 = (1 3)

R1= (1 2 3); F1= (2 3); F2 = (1 3)

F3 = (1 2); R3 = (1) (2) (3)

= (1) (2) (3)

CHARACTERISTIC OF DIHEDRAL GROUP

(Dummit and Foote, 2004)

Implies: - The set of rotation = R1, R2, R3

The Relation from P3 to D6

LATTICE DIAGRAM FOR SUBGRUPS OF D6

LATTICE DIAGRAM FOR SUBGRUPS OF D6

8 = 2.4 = {1, r, 2 , 3 , s, sr, 2 , 3 )

HOMORFISME & ISOMORFISME

Because s is notation of reflection, sufficiently 2 times reflection to

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