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    Processing Data: Abu Naser Mohammad Saif

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    This document discusses how computers represent and process data. It covers number systems like binary and decimal, how bits and bytes represent data, and how text is converted to binary codes. It also explains how the CPU processes instructions in cycles, how memory stores programs and data, and factors that affect processing speed like registers, cache memory, and bus width. Standard computer ports and expanding capabilities through expansion slots are also covered at a high level.

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    Processing Data: Abu Naser Mohammad Saif

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    18 views28 pages
    This document discusses how computers represent and process data. It covers number systems like binary and decimal, how bits and bytes represent data, and how text is converted to binary codes. It also explains how the CPU processes instructions in cycles, how memory stores programs and data, and factors that affect processing speed like registers, cache memory, and bus width. Standard computer ports and expanding capabilities through expansion slots are also covered at a high level.

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    This document discusses how computers represent and process data. It covers number systems like binary and decimal, how bits and bytes represent data, and how text is converted to binary codes. It also explains how the CPU processes instructions in cycles, how memory stores programs and data, and factors that affect processing speed like registers, cache memory, and bus width. Standard computer ports and expanding capabilities through expansion slots are also covered at a high level.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    18 views28 pages

    Processing Data: Abu Naser Mohammad Saif

    Uploaded by

    SELAHIKHAN
    This document discusses how computers represent and process data. It covers number systems like binary and decimal, how bits and bytes represent data, and how text is converted to binary codes. It also explains how the CPU processes instructions in cycles, how memory stores programs and data, and factors that affect processing speed like registers, cache memory, and bus width. Standard computer ports and expanding capabilities through expansion slots are also covered at a high level.

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    You are on page 1of 28

    Chapter 5

    Processing Data
    Instructor

    Abu Naser Mohammad Saif


    Lecturer
    Department of Management Information Systems
    Faculty of Business Studies

    University of Dhaka

    How Computers Represent Data


    Number systems
    A manner of counting
    Several different number systems exist

    Decimal number system


    Used by humans to count
    Contains ten distinct digits
    Digits combine to make larger numbers

    How Computers Represent Data

    Binary number system


    Used by computers to count
    Two distinct digits, 0 and 1
    0 and 1 combine to make
    numbers

    How Computers Represent Data

    Bits and bytes


    Binary numbers are made of bits
    Bit represents a switch
    A byte is 8 bits
    Byte represents one character

    How Computers Represent Data


    Text codes
    Converts letters into binary
    Standard codes necessary for data transfer
    ASCIIHow Computers Represent Data
    American English symbols

    Extended ASCII
    Graphics and other symbols

    How Computers Process Data


    CPU
    Central Processing Unit
    Called brain of the computer
    Control unit
    Controls resources in computer
    Instruction set
    Arithmetic logic unit
    Performs math operations
    Composed of registers

    How Computers Process Data


    Machine cycles
    Steps by CPU to process data
    Instruction cycle
    CPU gets the instruction

    Execution cycle
    CPU performs the instruction

    Billions of cycles per second


    Pipelining processes more data
    Multitasking allows multiple instructions

    How Computers Process Data

    Memory
    Stores open programs and data
    Small chips on the motherboard
    More memory makes a computer
    faster

    How Computers Process Data

    Flash memory
    Data is stored using physical
    switches
    Special form of nonvolatile
    memory

    Components affecting Speed

    Affecting Processing Speed


    Registers
    Number of bits processor can handle
    Word size
    Larger indicates more powerful
    computer
    Increase by purchasing new CPU

    Affecting Processing Speed


    Virtual RAM
    Computer is out of actual RAM
    File that emulates RAM
    Computer swaps data to virtual
    RAM
    Least recently used data is moved

    Affecting Processing Speed


    The bus
    Electronic
    pathway
    between
    components
    Expansion bus connects to peripherals
    System bus connects CPU and RAM
    Bus width is measured in bits
    Speed is tied to the clock

    Affecting Processing Speed

    Peripheral control interface


    (PCI)
    Connects modems and
    sound cards
    Found in most modern
    computers

    Affecting Processing Speed

    Accelerated Graphics Port


    (AGP)
    Connects video card to
    motherboard
    Extremely fast bus
    Found in all modern computers

    Affecting Processing Speed

    Universal Serial Bus (USB)


    Connects external devices
    Cameras, printers, and scanners
    can be connected

    Affecting Processing Speed


    Cache memory
    Very fast memory
    Holds common or recently used data
    Speeds up computer processing
    Most computers have several caches
    L1 holds recently used data
    L2 holds upcoming data
    L3 holds possible upcoming data

    Microcomputer Processors
    Intel
    Leading manufacturer of processors
    Intel 4004 was worlds first microprocessor
    IBM PC powered by Intel 8086
    Current processors
    Centrino
    Pentium
    Xeon

    Microcomputer Processors
    FX 64

    Athlon XPAdvanced Micro Devices (AMD)

    Main competitor to Intel


    Originally produced budget products
    Current products outperform Intel
    Current processors
    Sempron
    Athlon

    Microcomputer Processors

    IBM
    Historically manufactured
    mainframes
    Partnered with Apple to
    develop G5
    First consumer 64 bit chip

    Comparing Processors

    Speed of processor
    Size of cache
    Number of registers
    Bit size
    Speed of Front side bus

    Aadvanced Processor Topics

    RISC processors
    Reduced Instruction Set
    Computing
    Smaller instruction sets
    May process data faster
    PowerPC and G5

    Advanced Processor Topics


    Parallel Processing
    Multiple processors in a system
    Symmetric Multiple Processing
    Number of processors is a power of 2

    Massively Parallel Processing


    Thousands of processors
    Mainframes and super computers

    Standard computer ports


    Keyboard and mouse ports
    USB ports
    Parallel
    Network
    Modem
    Audio
    Serial
    Video

    Standard Computer Ports

    SCSI

    Small Computer System Interface


    Supports dozens of devices
    External devices daisy chain
    Fast hard drives and CD-ROMs

    Extending the Processors Power


    Expansion slots and boards
    Allows users to configure the machine
    Slots allow the addition of new devices
    Devices are stored on cards
    Computer must be off before inserting

    Extending the Processors Power

    Plug and play


    New hardware detected
    automatically
    Prompts to install drivers
    Non-technical users can install
    devices

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