Chapter 1 - Machine Tools

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INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE TOOL DESIGN

By
Prof. P. Laxminarayana
MED,UCE,OU
Processing
Before we get started, realize that tools and machines are
used in three major types of processing:
Material Processing
Energy Processing
Information Processing

For the purposes of this Unit, we will be looking at tools and
machines used in material processing .

Machine Tools
All specialists would be lost without their tools of trade.
Imagine a dentist without a dental drill or bricklayer without
a tape measure!
It is the same in engineering and technology.
Without the proper tools, tasks cannot be accomplished
correctly.
Within this unit, we are going to discuss some common
machine tools that are used in the field and the safety
precautions behind them
Machining
It has already been stated that machines are artifacts that
amplify the speed, amount, or direction of a force. They
transmit or change the application of power, force, or motion.

Specifically, machine tools are machines that are used to
make other machines.

Machining is a separating process based on the motion of a
tool against a work piece .
Characteristics
Machine tools have some common characteristics:
A method of cutting materials to desired shape and size.
A series of motions between the material and the tool,
causing the tool to cut the material.
Support of the tool and the work piece
Cutting Tool
Most cutting actions require a cutting tool.
Two basic types of cutting tools are used in all hand tools and
machines. They are single-point and multiple-point.
The single-point tool is the simplest cutting device available. It
has a cutting edge on the end or along the edge of a rod. Common
single-point tools include knives, chisels, and wood planes.
The multiple-point tool has a series of single-point tools arranged
on a cutting device. Most often, these single-points are arranged in
a pattern. For example, a circular saw has teeth evenly spaced
around the circumference of the blade (Wright, 2004).

Motion
Cutting motion is the action that causes material to be
removed from the work. It causes the excess material to be
cut away.
Feed motion is the action that brings new material into the
cutter. It allows the cutting action to be continuous.
Cutting and feed motions can be:
Rotating uses round cutters or spins the work around an
axis
Linear moves a cutter or work in one direction along a
straight line
Reciprocating moves the tool or the work back and forth (

Support
The final element present in all machine tools is support for the
tool and the work piece.
Chucks are attachments used to hold and rotate drills and router
bits.
Arbors are spindles or shafts that are used to hold table saw
blades and milling putters
Types of Machine Tools
Hundreds of different machine tools exist, however they can
be grouped into six categories:
Turning Machines
Sawing Machines
Drilling Machines
Shaping Machines
Planing Machines
Grinding Machines

Turning Machines
Turning machines use a process in which a work piece is held
or rotated on an axis.
This action is produced on machines called lathes.
All lathes produce their cutting motion by rotating the work
piece.
Linear movement of the tool generates the feed motion, and
is primarily used to machine wood and metal

Sawing Machines
Sawing Machines use teeth on a blade to cut material to a desired
size and shape.
Sawing Machines can be grouped according to the type of blade
they use and the methods used to produce the cutting action. This
grouping identifies three basic types of saws:
Circular Saws- use a blade in the shape of a disk with teeth
arranged around the edge.
Band Saws use a blade made of a continuous strip (or band) of
metal with teeth on one or more edges.
Scroll Saws use a straight blade that is a strip of metal with teeth
on one edge

Drilling Machines
Drilling machines produce or enlarge holes using a rotating
cutter.
Generally, the cutting motion is produced as the drill or bit
rotates
Other Machines
Shaping and planing machines are two metal working
machine tools that produce flat surfaces. They should not be
confused with the wood working shaping and planing
machines which operate on the same principles as sawing
machines.
Both the metal shaper and the metal planer use single point
tools and reciprocating motion to produce the cut.
Grinding machines use bonded abrasives (grinding wheels) to
cut the material.
These wheels have random cutting surfaces that remove the
material in the form of very small chips.

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