IMP021

INFORMATION LITERACY SKILLS

THE INFORMATION SCENARIO
Information gathering and transmitting is almost as old as
civilization
- Cave paintings with symbols representing knowledge
- Development of writing enabled humans to accumulate and
pass on information
- Invention of printing press ---- rise in literacy
- Information explosion ---- the need for a systematic storage and
retrieval system

Today it is extremely important to be able to access and use
information effectively and efficiently ---- information literate
WHAT IS INFORMATION?
An assemblage of data in comprehensible form, recorded on
paper or some other medium and capable of communication
Harrods Librarians Glossary, 1984

A message, usually in the form of a document or an audible or
visible communication. It has sender and a receiver. Information
is meant to change the way the receiver perceives something, to
have an impact on his judgement and behavior
Davenport and Prusk, 1988

Information both as a commodity and resources has become
strategic resource upon which the competitiveness of all firm
depends

According to Fritz Machlup (1983)
Information is
Something one did not know before
A clue
Something that affects what one already knows
How data are interpreted
Something useful in some way to the person receiving it
Something used in decision making
Something that reduces uncertainty
The meaning of words in sentences
Something that provides more than what is stated
Something that changes what a person who receives it believes
or expects
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
1. People (including ourselves)

2. Organizations ---- such as commercial organizations,
professional associations, etc.

3. Literature (books, reports, standards, etc.)

4. Information services (such as computerized services,
information bureaux and brokers)
INFORMATION CYCLE
Creation of new knowledge
record, manuscript, etc.

Read, assimilated Editor and/or peer
and applied evaluation

Item retrieved Publication

User express a Bibliographic
Need control

Stored in a file,
library, computer, etc.
INFORMATION, DATA, KNOWLEDGE
Information is knowledge derived from data
Data is derived as recorded facts and figures that result form
observation, survey and / or research
Knowledge is data which an individual recognizes as relevant and is
thought about, interpreted, stored (in a variety of formats) or used for
a purpose.
Information is the result of analysis, synthesis and evaluation based
on available data
In other words, the data has been
- organized
- structured
- considered
- communicated
Information can consist of data, images, text, documents and sound,
combination of different parts
WHY SEEK INFORMATION?
We look for information
To gain knowledge
To collect data
To solve problems

GOOD INFORMATION
RELEVANT
information must relate to the business in hand, fulfill the needs
of the user

TIMELY
information must be available when needed, within the time
frame desired

ACCURATE & COMPLETE
all available information should be accessible . With emphasis on
the right information

CONCISE
must be understandable to those who use it, and must be able to be
absorbed quickly for action

REDUCES UNCERTAINTY
reduces the unknown about the entity : therefore meet user
requirements




Characteristics of information
Information is often described as a community. Can be bought,
and sold, exchanged, accumulated and stored, patented and
owned

Potential demand of information is unlimited

Information is considered to be a personal, organizational and
national resource of great value

Economy is based not only on industry and physical resources,
but also on information

Information is most valuable when it is quickly and easily
available and effectively organized
INFORMATION LITERACY
Inorder to use information effectively, it is important to become
information literate

WHAT IS INFORMATION LITERATE ?
People know how to :
- find
- organize
- evaluate
- use

Therefore, it is the ability to find and use information effectively
to solve problem or make decision

TYPES OF REFERENCE SOURCES

i) PRIMARY SOURCES

Those that present or record certain information for the
first time ( i.e original materials which have not been
filtered through interpretation, condensation, or often
even evaluation by a second party)

Eg.
- Journal article (certain types of which contain
original thinking/ report/ discoveries)
- monograph, report, patent, dissertation, reprint of an
article, conference paper, personal correspondence,
diaries, maps, charts, photographs.


ii) SECONDARY SOURCES

Sources that compile, analyze, synthesize or edit
primary sources or other secondary sources or an
index to locate primary sources

Eg.
- Textbook, encyclopedias, handbooks, reviews,
translation, abstracting and indexing services,
bibliographies




iii) TERTIARY SOURCES

Information which is a distillation and collection of
primary and secondary sources

Eg.
- Bibliography of bibliographies
- Directory of directories
- Guide to the literature


INFORMATION SOURCES/REFERENCE
SOURCES

What is reference sources?
i) A book designed by the arrangement and treatment of its
subject matter to be consulted for definite items of
information rather than to be read consecutively
ii) A book whose use is restricted to the library building

Printed materials supplemented by material in microform,
CD-ROM and other machine readable forms
Plus resources accessible through Internet and other
networks (can be accessed from
terminal/microcomputers located in the library)
CHARACTERISTICS OF A REFERENCE BOOK
1. Meant for consultation for a specific piece of information
2. Not meant for continuous reading
3. Usually lacks continuous exposition or may consist of
disjointed entries of varying length
4. Not lent out
5. Information is so organized that the required information can
be located promptly and exhaustively


Two (2) main classes of reference sources
i) The control-access-directional type of source

Compilations that refer to other sources containing
information merely indicating places in which information
may be found
eg. catalogs, bibliographies and indexes

Control - bibliography serves as a control device- a
kind of checklist
Access - can be broadly defined as bibliographies
Direction - direct users to the sources of answers

ii) Source type

give the answers

Encyclopedia - Encyclopedia Britannica
- World Book Encyclopedia

Facts source - Yearbooks, almanacs, handbooks
manuals and directories
- used to look up factual material for
quick reference
- World Almanac
Statesmans Year-Book
Dictionaries - Websters Third New International
Dictionary
Dictionary of American Slang

Biographical Sources - Whos Who
Current Biography

Geographical Sources - atlases, gazetteers,
dictionaries of place names,
and guidebooks
- The Times Atlas of the World
REFERENCE TOOLS

1. DICTIONARY

- provides information about words meaning,
derivation, spelling, pronunciation, syllabication,
usage, and current status.

Eg.
Websters Third New International Dictionary of the
English Language
The Oxford English Dictionary on CD-ROM


2. ENCYCLOPEDIA

- is concerned with subjects. It gives an overview of a
topic, including definition, description,
background, and bibliographical references.

Eg.
Encyclopedia Americana
The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia


3. INDEX

- points out where information can be found

Eg.
Readers Guide to Periodical Literature
4. YEARBOOK

- often called an annual, presents the events of the
past year in brief, concise form

Eg.
The Annual Register of World Events

5. HANDBOOK

- literally a small book which can be held
conveniently in the hand, provides miscellaneous
items of information. May also be called a
miscellany, a manual, or a companion

Eg.
Famous first Facts

6. ALMANAC

- a collection of miscellaneous facts and statistical
information

Eg.
The World Almanac and Books of Facts

7. BIOGRAPHY

- a collection of sketches of varying lengths about lives
of individuals, arranged alphabetically by surname

Eg.
Whos Who
Dictionary of American Biography


8. DIRECTORY

- lists the names and addresses of persons,
organizations, or institutions. May provide other
pertinent information such as the purposes, and the
officers of the organization.

Eg.
American Library Directory

9. ATLAS

- volume of maps, plates, or charts, with or without
explanatory text

Eg.
National Geographical Atlas of the World
10. GAZETTEER

- volume that provides geographical information and
data about places. Does not define geographical
terms.

Eg.
Chambers World Gazetteer
Websters New Geographical Dictionary

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY

- a list of books and other materials which have some
relationship to each other. The materials listed are
described as to author, title, publisher, price, and
number of pages. In some the materials are
evaluated
Eg.
Books in Print
The Public Library Catalog

12. ABSTRACT

- give digests or summaries of periodical articles and
other literature

Eg.
Chemical abstracts
Psychological Abstracts



INFORMATION SOURCES IN THE FIELD OF
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
PATENTS
- a protection granted by the government to an
inventor to prevent unauthorized exploitation of his
invention.

TECHNICAL REPORTS
- a document which gives the results of or the
progress with research and/or development
investigation

STANDARDS & SPECIFICATION
- documents that stipulate or recommend:
(1) minimum levels of performance and
quality of goods and services, and (2)
optimal conditions and procedures for
operations in science, industry and
commerce, including production,
evaluation, distribution and utilization of
materials, products and services

TRADE CATALOGS
- a type of literature produced by
manufacturers and distributors of virtually
every kind of material, product or service

TABLES
- Data of a purely numerical character are often
published in tabular format

TRANSLATIONS
- a document which is being transformed from one
language to another language
EVALUATION CRITERIA


1) Format
2) Scope
3) Relation to similar works
4) Authority
5) Treatment
6) Arrangement
7) Special features
8) Cost


1) Format

a) Printed books
- binding, paper, typeface, layout
- illustration quality and relationship to text

- Advantages
- straightforward to use
- predictable in cost
- useable by more than one person
simultaneously
- Disadvantages
- Space to house
- Maintaining currentness
- Limitation on search strategies



b) Microforms
- satisfactory for sources with short entries and
alphabetically in arrangement, eg bibliographies
and directories

- Advantages
- Safe space
- May be frequently updated

- Disadvantages
- Equipment costs and maintenance
- Need for user orientation
- Limit to one user at a time per viewer
- Limitation on search strategies


c) CD-ROMs

- An electronic storage medium that is
produced and read by means of laser
technology
- Compact Disc Read Only Memory
- Each disc stores approximately 550 million
bytes of information ; 250,000 pages of text

- Advantages
- Allow complex searching, eg
Boolean, truncation & wildcard
- Store large amount of information
- Multimedia CD-ROMs can store images
and sound in addition to text and numeric
data
- Have a single fixed subscription price for
unlimited use, therefore simplifies budgeting

- End-user systems, a reference librarian does not
have to be a search intermediary for each user
- User enjoy because such searching allows them to
be in charge of their own searches, relieves them
of the burden of writing down their citations ( with
their inevitable errors) and provides them with
many more citations in less time than a manual
search

- Disadvantages
- More expensive than the same title in print form
- Degree of incompatibility among CD-ROM systems
- Developing point-of-use instruction that can assist
users in developing a better search strategy is time
consuming and very hard to do well
- Variable in ease of use because interfaces are not
standard
- Requires workspace for equipment


d) Online databases
- Online indicates that both the local
computer or terminal and the host computer
are in active communication at the time of the
search
- Advantages
- Support flexibility & complexity in searching
- May contain large amount of information
- Updated frequently
- Disadvantages
- Unpredictable cost
- Need for equipments
- Although many databases are common among
the several information service provider, some
databases important to a library are available
only on one system, therefore library needs to

choose between losing access to some
databases or selecting two, three or more
vendors
- Frequent need for special training

2) Scope

- Statement of purpose (preface)
- Judge to what extent fulfilled
- Author/editor accomplished what was intended
- Subject & geographical coverage
- Time period coverage - how current
- Serial publication -how frequently is it updated
- Language
Non-print
- Rely more on documentation - written
descriptions
- Sample searches


3) Relation to similar works

- New edition of a title already held
- assess the extent of revision in the new
edition
- Works of similar scope
- to what extent is there overlap, and
- to what extent is there unique information
- Machine-readable counterparts
- Differences in time period covered
- Same databases from different publishers
- Consider differences in search capabilities
and coverage


4) Authority
- Education and experience of the editors
and contributors
- Reputation of the publisher or sponsoring
agency
- Information can be obtained from:
- Qualification in books
- Librarians own understand of the
subject
- Standard biographical work

5) Treatment

- Accuracy
- How reliable are the facts presented
- How dirty in terms of the presence of
misspelled words


- Objectivity
- Coverage of controversial issues and
the balance in coverage given to
various subjects
- Who can best use the work

6) Arrangement
- alphabetical, chronological, or
classified
- indexes, cross-references

7) Special features
- New developments that make
database searching easier and more
accessible to users
- Electronic sources : consider the
quality of available documentation,
training and customer support



8) Cost

- Determine if the price is appropriate in
relation to the need and the
anticipated frequency and length of
use.
- - Non-print : cost include purchase and
maintenance of equipment
- - Costs in terms of staff support



DICTIONARIES

Used : To define words
To verify spelling, syllabication or pronunciation
To check on usage
To determine the etymological history of a word

Kinds of Dictionaries

a) General word dictionaries, which provide overall
information such as pronunciation, derivation, syllabication,
and meaning, about the words of a language
b) Dictionaries that have to do with certain aspects of
language, such as etymology, synonyms and antonyms,
slang, colloquialisms, dialect, and usage; and
c) Dictionaries concerned with a specific subject area.



General word dictionaries are:
a) Unabridged
complete, covering all the words of a language
Eg:
Websters Third New International Dictionary

b) Abridged
Reduced in content but retaining the features of the
unabridged work
Eg:
The Random House College Dictionary

c) General-purpose desk dictionaries
not abridgments of a work but which include only a
selection of the words of a language
Eg:
Oxford American Dictionary


Points of Evaluation

a) Authority
Merriam-Webster
Oxford university Press
Random House
Scott-Foresman
Doubleday
Macmillan
Simon & Schuster
Houghton Mifflin
Collins
Longman
Chambers


b) Vocabulary
c) LS language
d) Up-to-date
e) Format
f) Hardcover ; arrangement of words; print size;
spacing
g) Spelling
h) Definitions
i) Pronunciations
j) Syllabication
k) Synonyms
l) Grammatical information
m) Usage

Sites of dictionaries on Web
a) http://www.bucknell.edu/rbeard/diction.html
b) www.onelook.com


ENCYCLOPEDIAS

A book giving information on all branches of knowledge
or a specific subject. An idea book, which deals with
concepts. Best used for finding answers to background
questions related to general information and self-
education.


Types of encyclopedias

a) General
Eg:
The Encyclopedia Americana
The New Encyclopedia Britannica
Colliers Encyclopedia
The World Book Encyclopedia

b)
b) Subject
Eg:
Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science
The Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics
The Encyclopedia of Religion
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and
Technology

Points of Evaluation
a) Scope
Subject coverage, emphasis and the intended
audience

b) Authority
Accuracy and reliability
- Encyclopedia Britannica Educational Corp
-
- World Book
- - Grolier Incorporated
- - Macmillan Educational Corporation

c) Viewpoint and objectivity
d) Writing style
c) e) Recency
Including revision plans
f) Arrangement and entry
g) Index
With reference to how one gains access to
information in the set

a) h) Format
Physical format and illustrations
i) Cost
j) The presence of bibliographies



Sites of encyclopedias on the Web
a) a) http://clever.net/cam/encyclopedia.html
b) www.encyberpedia.com/eindex.html
a) c) www.letsfindout.com


READY REFERENCE SOURCES: ALMANACS, YEARBOOKS,
HANDBOOKS, DIRECTORIES

ALMANACS
Compendium of useful factual and statistical information,
retrospective as well as current one covering local, state,
national and international affairs
Eg;
World Almanac and Book of Facts
Whitakerss Almanac
The New York Times Almanac

YEARBOOKS

An annual compendium of the data and statistics.
The purpose is to record the years activities by
country, subject, or specialized area.

Eg:
Europa World Yearbook
Statemans Year-Book
Britannica Book of the Year
Yearbook of Technology and Education

HANDBOOKS

Compilation of miscellaneous information in a
compact and handy form.

Eg:
Emily Posts Etiquette
Occupational Outlook Handbook
The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and
Therapy
PDR/Physicians Desk Reference to
Pharmaceutical Specialties and
Biologicals
The Chicago Manual of Style
DIRECTORIES
A list of persons or organizations, systematically
arranged, usually in alphabetical or classed order,
giving addresses, affiliations, and so forth, for
individuals, and addresses, officers, functions, and
similar data for organizations

Uses to find out:
- an individuals or firms address (including
e-mail) or telephone number
- the full name of an individual, a firm, or an
organization
- a description of a particular manufacturers
product or a service
- the name of the president of a particular firm, or
- the head of the school, or the person
responsible for say advertising, or buying
manuscripts
Scope/Categories
- Local directories
- Governmental Directories
- Institutional Directories
- Investment Services
- Professional Directories
- Trade and Business Directories

Eg:
Encyclopedias of Associations
The International Foundation Directory
Worldwide Government Directory
World Guide to Libraries
Publishers Directory
The Complete Directory for People with
Disabilities
The World of Learning
International Research Centers Directory
Points of evaluation

a) Arrangement
Easy to consult for quick facts
b) Current information
c) Illustrations
d) Authority

BIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES

Contain information about the lives of people, usually
arranged alphabetically by surname. They may include
details of a persons full name, gender, date and place of
birth, a summary of their achievements, details about their
personal life (eg family interests), memberships,
employment history including publications, offices and
positions held, honours, awards and contact details.


Types of Biographical Dictionaries

a) Universal
Eg:
Websters Biographical Dictionary
The Cambridge Biographical Encyclopedia
International Whos Who

b) National or regional
Eg:
Whos Who in America
Whos Who of American Women

c) Professional or occupational
Eg:
Contemporary Authors
Whos Who in Economic

Points of evaluation

a) The title should be listed in basic
bibliographies or the current reviewing
services
b) Authority
Gale Group
H.W. Wilson Co.
St. Martins Press
Reed/Reference publishing
Marquis Whos Who Inc.
R.R. Bowker Co.

c) Selection
Comprehensiveness
d) Audience

e) Length of entry

f) Sources of information

g) Frequency
h) Other points
Photographs
Bibliographies
Indexed or cross-references

Eg:
Indexes to biography
Biography Index
Universal and current biographical sources
Websters Biographical Dictionary
Directory: The whos who form
Whos Who in America
Essay form of biographical sources
Current Biography
Professional and subject biographies
Contemporary Authors


GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCES
Specific sources which are specifically prepared to
provide geographical information or used to answer
locational questions.

Categories
a) Maps and Atlases
A map:
- a representation of certain boundaries of the
earth (or the moon and planets as well)
may be divided into charts, collections of maps
in atlas form, globes and so forth.
- Three (3) types:
- Physical : traces the various
features of the land, from the
rivers and valleys to the
mountains and hills.



- Route : shows roads, railroads,
bridges, and the like
- Political : limits itself to boundaries
(e.g., towns, cities, counties,
states) but may include
topographical and route
features.
- Thematic : Large group of maps usually focus
on a particular aspect of geographical
interest, such as, historical, economic, and
related matters etc.
Eg.
The Times Atlas of World History


b) Gazetteers
Geographical dictionaries, usually of place names.
Detailed gazetteers will give additional information
on population and possibly leading economic
characteristics of the area.

c) Guidebooks
Furnish information on everything from the price of
a motel room in Paris for example to the primary
sights of interest in New York.

Points of evaluation

a) Publishers
Rand McNally & Company
C.S.Hammond & Company
National Geographical Society
John G. Bartholomew (Edinburgh)
Oxford University Press
b) Scope and Audience
c) Scale
d) Currency
e) Index
f) Format
g) Cost
Eg:
a) Geographical encyclopedias and dictionaries
- World Geographical Encyclopedia
b) Atlases and Maps
- Times Atlas of the World
- Encarta Interactive World Atlas
c) Gazetteers
- The Columbia Gazetteer of the World
d) Thematic atlases and maps
- The Times Atlas of World History
e) Street maps
- Maps on US ( www.mapsonus.com)
- Rand McNally Road Atlas
f) Travel Guides
- Guides Michelin

GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT
Definition:
A treatise on almost any subject printed at government
expense or published by authority of a governmental
body.

Classification (in term of use)
1. Records of government administration
2. Research documents for specialist
3. Popular sources of information

Evaluation
1. Cost
2. Timeliness
3. Range of interest


Difficulties:
1. Censorship
2. Lack of skilled librarian
3. Lack of availability
4. Inadequate central indexing
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Definition:
- a list of books
- a critical and historical study of printed books
- the knowledge and the theory of book lists
- study of books and list of books or other materials

Elements of an effective bibliography
1. Completeness
2. Access to part
3. Various forms
Purposes of using bibliography
1. Identification and verification
2. Location
3. Selection

Types
1. Universal bibliography
2. National bibliography
3. Trade bibliography
4. Subject bibliography
5. Special bibliography
Evaluation:

1. Purpose
2. Scope
3. Methodology
4. Organization
5. Annotations and abstracts
6. Bibliographical form
7. Current
8. Accuracy
LIBRARIES
Organized collections of documents, films, maps,
sound-recordings and other form of media, and are
designed to meet the informational, educational and
recreational needs of a given user population

They include media centers, information,
documentation and referral centers, and educational
resource centers,.
Basic Aims of Libraries
To provide information to users by obtaining, organizing,
making available and preserving print and non-print
materials required to meet user needs
Methods used by libraries to fulfill these aims will
depend on:
- the type of library
- user needs
- types of material held
- organizational constraints such as, staff, finance,
space, other resources
Types of Libraries
There are five main types of libraries serve the differing
information needs of the community
National Libraries
Public Libraries
Academic Libraries
Special Libraries
School Libraries

National Libraries
In most countries there is a national library
maintained by national resources, usually bearing
responsibility for publishing a national bibliography
and for maintaining a national bibliographical
information center
National libraries strive principally to collect and
preserve the nations literature, though they try to be
a international in the range of their collection as
possible.
Eg. Library of Congress, Perpustakaan Negara
Malaysia, British Library, etc.
ACADEMIC LIBRARIES
Serve students and faculty in community colleges,
undergraduate college or university
The collections and services of these libraries are
designed to match the needs of their users. Needs
that range from basic support of the curriculum to the
advanced research requirements of doctoral students
and faculty at major research universities.
Eg: Perpustakaan Tun Abdul Razak, Perpustakaan
Sultanah Zanariah, Perpustakaan Tun Seri Lanang
PUBLIC LIBRARIES
Designed to serve the entire community and to
provide lending and reference services to a broad
range of professional and non professional users.
Eg: Perpustakaan Raja Tun Uda, Perpustakan Sultan
Ismail, Perbadanan Perpustakaan Awam Melaka,
etc.
SPECIAL LIBRARIES
They may range from business organizations to
societies and research institutes.
The scope and use of special library collections vary
widely as well.
Eg: SIRIM Library, RISDA Library, PETRONAS
Library, ASTRO Library, etc.
SCHOOL LIBRARIES
Designed to serve the needs of secondary and
elementary school students, to some degree, their
teachers.
Their collection were designed to supplement the
basic curriculum
Eg: Perpustakaan Sekolah Kebangsaan Raja Muda,
Perpustakaan Sekolah Menengah Derma,
Perpustakaan Sekolah Kebangsaan Putra, etc.
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN IN LIBRARIES
LIBRARY
MANAGER
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNICAL
SERVICES
READER
SERVICES
CIRCULATION
ADMINISTRATION
REFERENCE ACQUISITIONS CATALOGING
ORGANIZATION AND ARRANGEMENT
OF LIBRARY MATERIALS
LIBRARY CATALOG

A systematic listing of the books and materials in a
library with descriptive information about each one : author, title,
edition, publisher, date, physical appearance, subject matter,
special features, and location.

- an index to the library materials
- the readers chief means of discovering and locating
material in the library.
- function : to make the total resources of the library fully
and easily accessible to the users
Forms of Library Catalog

- the library catalog may be :
- a book catalog,
- a computer output microform (COM) catalog,
- a card catalog,
- an online catalog accessed by computer or
- a CD-ROM (compact disk read-only memory)
Book Catalog
- catalog in form of printed books
- discarded because, as libraries grew in size, the printed
catalog was soon out of date since cards for new materials
could not be interfiled alphabetically
- the entries are simply photographic reproductions of printed
or typed catalog cards displayed in page format
- advantage: easy to use, large number of entries can be
seen at a glance, duplicate copies can easily be made, etc.
- disadvantage: difficulties in keeping it up to date, and need
to consult more than one volume
COM Catalog
- produced directly from machine-readable records
- microform microfilm or microfiche

CARD Catalog
- made up of 3- by 5-inch cards
- filed alphabetically in trays or drawers
- may be a single alphabetical arrangement, or it may be
divided into author, subject and title catalog
author catalog
-includes only the author or main entry cards
title catalog
- made up of title entries only
subject catalog
- made up exclusively of subject entries
dictionary catalog
- has all entries- author, title, subject, and their
entries filed in one alphabet
ENDANGERED SPECIES

Ackerman, Diane
The rarest of the rare : vanishing animals timeless

The rarest of the rare

Ackerman, Diane
The rarest of the rare : vanishing animals timeless


Ackerman, Diane
The rarest of the rare : vanishing animals, timeless
worlds / Diane Ackerman. 2
nd
ed.- New York : Random
House, 1999.

xxii, 184 p.; ill.: 25cm
Includes index
ISBN 0-67-940346-9

1. Endangered species 2. Rare animals
I. Title

A823.3
M849
A823.3
M849
A823.3
M849
Subject card
Title card
Author card
AUTHOR ENTRY
- The basic cataloging record and is called main entry
- in general, it gives the following information:

1. Authors full name, inverted ( some cards give the dates of the author
birth and death, if applicable)
2. Title and subtitle of the work
3. Edition, if it is not the first
4. Coauthor, illustrator, translator
5. Imprint, which includes place of publication, publisher, and date of
publication
6. Collation, which includes number of pages or volumes, illustrative
material, and size in centimeters
7. Series to which the work belongs, if it is one of the series
8. Subjects which are treated fully
9. Full name and usually the birth and death dates of the coauthors,
translator, editor, or illustrator
TITLE ENTRY
- made for a publication which has a distinctive title.
- title is typed at the top of the card in black, above the authors
name
- if title is used as the main entry, the work will not have a title
entry in the catalog
SUBJECT ENTRY
- subject card is made for every subject which is discussed fully
- differs from all other types of entries in that the subject is
typed at the top of the card in red letters, or in black capital
letters.
- subject headings describe the contents of a work and
therefore indicate to the reader its usefulness for a particular
purpose
- tools must be used to check for the subject headings used, eg
the Library of Congress Subject Headings or the The Medical
Subject Headings











ONLINE CATALOG
- called OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog) may be online to
a database containing all the cataloging information of a
particular library only
- may also provide access to the collections of other libraries,
eg network of the libraries in a state or region such as all the
college and university libraries
- not standardized at the present time
- differ in steps employed in accessing information, in the search
options available (author, title, subject, keyword, Boolean
operators)
- Example in ILMU Perdana, there are:
- search type : left string, pattern and Boolean
- Selection Author/ name, title, subject, place of
publication, publisher, series, year of publication and call
number.
These are called as access point to the record.
Information on computer is arranged in fields
Author : Cutlip, Glen W
Title : Learning and information : skills for
the secondary classroom and library
media program / Glen W. Cutlip;
edited by Paula Kay Montgomery.
Imprint : Englewood, Colo. : Libraries
Unlimited, 1999.
Call number : 025.5
Physical features : xvii, 134p. ; ill. : 28 cm
Series : Teaching Library Media Research
and Information Skills Series
Other authors : Montgomery, Paula Kay
Subjects : Library orientation of high school students
High school libraries
Media programs (Education)
ISBN : 0972875806

CD-ROM CATALOGS
- A plastic disk 4.72 inches in diameter (or larger) on which data
are encoded by using a laser to burn pits into the surface
- When accessed at a terminal, the pits are read by a laser and
reproduced on a computer screen.
- A disk has a storage capacity of 600,000 catalog cards
- offers various search options ; author, title, subject, word, word
in title, browsing, and Boolean operators, depending on the
system use
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
The chief purpose of the a classification system in a library is
to provide a basis for organizing books and materials so that
they can be found quickly and easily by those persons who
use the library; it is also a means of bringing materials on the
same subject together so that they can be used easily and
conveniently.

Two major classification systems are:
- Library of Congress Classification System
- Dewey Decimal Classification System
Library of Congress Classification
System (LCCS)
The Library of Congress was founded in 1800. The earliest
classification of books in the library.

The LC system is used in most academic libraries. Books on
similar subjects are grouped together under 20 primary classes,
which are represented by letters of the alphabet.

The LC system combines letters of the alphabet and Arabic
numerals. (Mix Notation).

Example, PN 6109.9 ( Collection of poetry by women authors)
TK 7800 (electronics)
LCCS
General Works A
Philosophy, Psychology,
Religion B
Archaeology, Genealogy,
Biography C
History: General and Old
World D
History : Americas E-F
Geography, Anthropology G
Social Sciences H
Political Sciences J
Law K
Education L


Music M

Fine Arts N

Language & Literature P

Science Q
Medicine R
Agriculture S
Technology T
Military Science U
Naval Science V
Bibliography, Library Science Z




DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION
SYSTEM (DDC)
In the Dewey Decimal Classification System , Arabic numerals
are used decimally to signify the various classes of subjects.

Dewey divided all knowledge , as represented by books and
other materials, into nine classes, which is numbered 100-900.

Example 621.38 (electronics and communication engineering)
510 (Mathematics).

Call numbers in DDC use numbers and decimals. This is called
pure notation.

Most school libraries and public libraries are organized using
DDC.

The primary classes are represented by numbers.
DDC

000-099 Generalities 500-599 Pure Science
100-199 Philosophy & related Areas 600-699 Technology (Applied Sc.)
200-299 Religion 700-799 The Arts
300-399 The Social Science 800-899 Language and Rhetoric
400-499 Language 900-999 General Geography, History
etc




POPULAR MAGAZINES & SCHOLARLY
JOURNALS
Many of your research projects will require you to find information in
articles. Articles in popular magazines are very different from
articles in scholarly journals. To evaluate the information you find,
you must understand how articles in popular magazines differ from
articles in scholarly journal.

Popular magazines include recreational, news, and opinion
magazines. Recreational magazines are written for general
entertainment. Examples of recreational magazines are Keluarga,
Jelita, Readers Digest.

News magazines include general articles about current events and
are written for the general public. Examples of news magazines
are,Time, Newsweek.
Opinion magazines offer commentary about event from specific
point of view. They are written for an educated audience but are
not focused on an audience in a specific disipline. Examples
Dewan Ekonomi, Dewan Masyarakat.

Scholarly journals contain articles written by experts in a specific
discipline. The articles present original research, reviews of
research, or theoretical positions. Each discipline has its own
scholarly journals. Examples of scholarly journal are JAMA (
Journal of the American Medical Association), Journal of
Educational Psychology, and Journal of the Marketing Science.
Characteristics of popular magazines
and scholarly journals.
Popular Magazines
1. Do not include footnotes or
a bibliography of sources.
2. Usually include glossy
pages, many pictures and
advertisement.
3. are written by journalists.


Scholarly Journals
1. cite sources in footnotes or
bibliography.
2. have few glossy pictures
and usually no
advertisements.
3. are written by scholars in
discipline.
4. are often published by a
professional organization
INDEX AND ABSTRACT

The word index comes from the Latin indicare to point out.

Thus index does not provide the information sought, it indicates
where it can be found.

Indexes are used to locate articles in periodicals and newspapers.

Print indexes provide citations to articles about a topic.

A citation is the information that completely identifies a publication.

The citation usually includes the author, title of the article, title of the
publication, volume, issue, date of publication, and the page
number.
Example :
(1) (2)

Electronic libraries in school / W.E William.
School Internet Review 1(4) : 12-28 , D 2000.

(3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
1. Title 2. Author 3. Magazine 4. Volume 5. Issue
6. Page 7. Month & Year.
Many libraries also own indexes in electronic formats.
Electronic indexes are called electronic databases.
In addition to including an abstract of an article, some electronic
databases also include the entire article, or full text.
Databases are available in various electronic formats : CD
ROM databases, online databases, and on the Internet.
Print indexes and electronic databases are tools to use to
identify articles in periodicals and newspapers.
The three major categories of indexes are general, newspaper,
and specialized.
General print indexes and electronic databases cover a wide
range of subjects and usually include popular magazines as
well as selected scholarly journals.
Newspaper print indexes and electronic databases cover one
or more newspapers.
Specialized print indexes and electronic databases cover
specific disciplines such as psychology or education.
Abstract
Excerpt from Readers Guide
AUTOMOBILES (1)

Advertising (2)
See Automobile industry Advertising
(3) Air bags (4)
Airbags: in your face, by design. R. Grable. Il
(5) Motor Trend 44: 90 1 Ja 92

(6) (7) (8)
Airbags provide significant additional protection from injury in an
automobile crash. When a car collides with something, airbags quickly
inflate between the occupant and the cars interior hardware to prevent
secondary contact and injury. Airbag research began in 1967, and the
first systems were complex, expensive, and unreliable.
(9)
1. Subject 2. Subdivision of the subject 3. Title of the article 4.
Author of the article 5. Magazine 6. Volume / Issue no. 7. Page
8. Date of issue 9. Abstract of the article.
TYPES OF ABSTRACTS
There are 3 types of abstracts
1. INDICATIVE
- show the type of article and approach of the writer
- can help readers to decide whether they should refer to the
article or not

2. INFORMATIVE
- summarization of the data and findings
- enough information by reading the abstract

3. CRITICAL
- comments about the article

COMPILING A BIBLIOGRAPHY
WHAT IS A BIBLIOGRAPHY?
a listing of books, articles, and other sources used in finding information
for your term paper
a list of sources compiled by someone else but might help you to find
information


WHAT MAKES A GOOD BIBLIOGRAPHY?
Content
Form



CONTENT
Quality
Quantity
Variety

Quality
should include the most important standard works on the topic and
other works which will support your arguments

Quantity
enough sources to support your arguments

Variety
Include books and article
FORM
Correct
Consistent

Correct
use guidelines and APA style manual

Consistent
APA style should be used throughout the bibliography
RULES FOR AUTHORS (APA)
a) Start with family name for authors which have family names,
follow with coma and initials for other part of the names.
Eg: Tan, B. T.
Means, G. P.
Puthucheary, M.

b) For names without family names, cite as they are known.
Eg: Osman Hamzah
Nik Ismail Nik Ishak

c) If two authors, use ampersand (&) before the last author. Use
coma after each family name and in between each author after
initials.
Eg: Sawyer, C., & Parkin, G. F.

d) More than six authors, use et al. for the seventh or more author
names.
Eg: Lofland, L. , Moore, M.H., Estrich. S, McGillis, D.,
Spelman, W., Parker, K. ,et al.
RULES FOR TITLE

a) Capitalize only the first alphabet of the first word or
names in title and subtitle.

b) Capitalize the first alphabet in each word in the
Title of journal and name of conference except for
preposition.

c) Underline, bold or italic the Title of books and the
Title of Journal
BOOKS WITH ONE AUTHOR

Format:
Author. (Year). Title of Book. Place of Publication:
Publisher.

Grainger, A. (1993). Controlling tropical deforestation.
London: Earthscan.

Asmah Haji Omar. (1991). Kemahiran berbahasa. Kuala
Lumpur: Penerbitan Pustaka Antara.
BOOKS WITH TWO OR THREE AUTHORS

Format:
List all the authors. Use ampersand (&) before the
last author. (Year). Title of the book. Place
of Publication: Publisher.


Sawyer, C., McCarty, P., & Parkin, G. F. (1994).
Chemistry for environmental engineering.
(4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Ishak Shari, & Jomo, K. S. (1984). Apakah dasar
ekonomi baru mencapai perpaduan
kebangsaan.Petaling Jaya: Institut Analisa
Sosial.
MORE THAN SIX AUTHORS

Format:
First author until sixth author, et al. (Year). Title. Place of
publication: Publisher.


Lofland, L. , Moore, M.H., Estrich. S, McGillis, D.,
Spelman, W., Parker, K. ,et al.(1999) The new
criminology: For a social theory of deviance.
New York: Harper & Row.
CORPORATE BODIES AS AUTHORS

Format:
Corporate author. (Year). Title of Book. Place of
Publication :Publisher.
If Government bodies, start with the country or the state.


Malaysia. Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Alam
Sekitar. (1990). Industrial technology
development: A national plan of action. Kuala
Lumpur: Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Alam
Sekitar.

Unesco. (1993). Worlwide action in education. Paris:
Unesco.
MORE THAN FIRST EDITION

Format:
Author. (Year). Title of book. Edition. Place of
Publication: Publisher.


Carlton, D. W.., & Perloff, J. M. (1994). Modern industrial
organization. (2nd ed.). New York: Harper
Collins College Publishers.

Walker, A. (1993). Pengurusan projek binaan. (Edisi Ke-
2.) Pulau Pinang: Penerbit Universiti Sains
Malaysia
EDITED BOOKS

Format:
Editor. (Ed./Eds.). (Year). Title. Place of
publication: Publisher.

Freeman, H. M. (Ed.). (1990). Hazardous waste
minimization. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Annuar Abdul Razak, & Abu Bakar Abdul
Majid. (Eds.). (1997). Islam, science and
technology. Kuala Lumpur: Institute of Islamic
Understanding Malaysia.
CHAPTER FROM BOOKS

Format:
Writer of the chapter. (Year). Title of the chapter. In Name of
the editor. (Ed./Eds.), Title of the book. (pages of the
chapter). Place of publication: Publisher.

Damodararao, T., & Sastry, C. A. (1996). Water extraction
from sea water acquifer. In C. A. Sastry (Ed.), Water
treatment plants (pp 437-444). New Delhi: Narosa
Publishing House.

Chieffi, G., & Pierantoni, R. (1987). Regulation of ovarian
steroidogenesis. In D. O. Norris & R. E. Jones
(Eds.), Hormones and reproduction in fishes,
amphibians, and reptiles (pp. 117-144). New York:
Plenum Press.
JOURNAL ARTICLE

Format:
Writer of the article. (Year). Title of the article. Title
of the Journal, Volume (issue/no.), page.

Chu, K. H., & Mohd Ali Hashim. (1995). Simulated
counter-current adsorption processes: A
mparison of modeling strategies. Chemical
Engineering Journal, 56, 59-65.

Brown, R. G. W. (1985). Laser fibre optics in
biotechnology. Trends in Biotechnology, 3
(8), 200-203.
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

Format:
Writer of the article. (Year, month day). Title of the article.
Title of the newspaper, page.


Wan Hasnan Hasan. (1998, September 24). JPS
baiki aliran sungai elak banjir. Utusan
Malaysia, 11.
PUBLISHED CONFERENCE PAPER

Format:
Writer of the paper. (Year). Title of the paper. In Editor
of the proceeding (Ed./Eds.), Title of the
proceeding (page). Place of publication : Publisher.

Jaynes, E. T. (1985). Microscopic prediction. In H. Hanken
(Ed.) Complex systems, operational approaches in
neurobiology, physics, and computers:
Proceedings of the International Symposium on
Synergetics at Schloss Elmau, Bavaria, May 6-11,
1985, (pp. 254-269). Berlin: Springer Verlag.
UNPUBLISHED CONFERENCE PAPER

Format:
Writer of the paper. (Year, month). Title of the paper.
Paper presented at / kertaskerja dibentangkan
dalam name of the conference, place.

Mohd Amin Mohd Som, Ahmad Jusoh, & Abang
Abdullah Abang Ali. (1992, September).
Perancangan sumber air untuk kesejahteraan
sejagat. Kertaskerja dibentangkan dalam
Seminar Perancangan Sumber Air, Skudai,
Johor.
THESIS / DISSERTATION

Format:
Author. (Year). Title. Unpublished masters thesis
/ doctoral dissertation, name of the
university, place.

Safiah Abdullah. (1996). The community structure
of fish and prawns in small mangrove
creeks in Sungai Sementa Kecil,
Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia.
Unpublished masters thesis, University
of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
JOURNAL ARTICLE THROUGH INTERNET

Format:
Author. (Year). Title of the article. Name of the Journal,
Volume (issue / no), page. Retrieved month date,
year from URL address.

Bauer, F. (1997). Selenium and soils in Western United
States. The Electronic Green Journal, 7,
3-10. Retrieved October 25, 1999 from
http://egj.lib.uidaho.edu/egj07/bauer.htm
JOURNAL ARTICLE USING DATABASE ON CDROM
Format:
Author. (Year, Month). Title of article. Name of the
Journal, Volume (issue/no), page. CDROM.
Name of database. Disc No.

Bonner, J.T. (1999, March). The evolution of evolution.
Natural History, 108(3), 20-23. CDROM.
GPO. Disc No. 99-13-01
SEARCH STRATEGY
Definition :
The process of finding answers to questions / problems in the
fastest most efficient way

Steps for an effective search strategy:
1. Clarifying the problem
2. Selecting the materials
3. Prioritising the sources
4. Locating the sources
5. Searching the materials
6. Evaluating the process
7. Compiling and presenting the information
Clarify the problem

which discipline
be familiar with the topic check dictionary or encyclopedia
level of detail
how much information
use of the information
who will use
time needed
current or retrospective
format
Select the material

appear in reference source?
held by library or other sources
need to contact experts
search catalog, or consult indexes or databases

Prioritise the sources

sources in the order of their likelihood to contain the information

Locate the sources

in reference collection
Held by library?
Need to find from other location?


Search the materials

find the answer

Evaluate the process

need further clarification?
more time available ?
need to refer to someone or somewhere ?

Compile and present the information
PLANNING A SEARCH (3 stages)
a) Defining the search topic and breaking it down into its component parts

Eg:
Reliability of biometric techniques

Other terms : fingerprints
palm prints
retina scans
iris patterns


b) Deciding which keywords should be used

c) Choosing a database or databases to search

- type of subject (emphasis) and type of information included
- eg:
Toxicology which one MEDLINE or BIOSIS?

- How to know?
- use guide / leaflet
- list of journals scanned


GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SEARCHING
3 main aspects
a) Language
- from indexing terms to abstracts
- from title to full text of original document
- guessing or predicting procedure
- ability to recognize relevant or useful information

b) Literature / database
- knowing the structure inorder to search them effectively

c) Libraries and information services
- familiar before appropriate guides or databases may be identified,
located and used
- online searching- knowledge of search commands and special
facilities
Choosing search terms
- Indexing terms, subject headings, words, phrases, etc.

Aids for identifying
a) Colleagues
b) Thesauri
c) Reference books, textbooks, etc.
d) Subject family trees / library classification schemes
e) Known references
f) Synonyms
g) Generic terms
h) Antonyms
i) Acronyms

Plan of Action of Literature Searching
1. Familiarize with the layout of the document or volume(s) you are about
to search, eg. types of index, subject arrangement, etc. (There may be
how-to-use instructions)

2. Choose which section (s) to search eg. content pages, author or
subject indexes, etc. and if appropriate which period of time to cover
(eg. back to 1960)

3. Search selected sections using search terms (chosen prior, or during
the search)

4. Record what you find and where you find it.
Plan of Action of Computer Database Searching
1. Familiarize with the structure of the database records. See which
fields are searchable and / or printable and limitable, and how they
may be searched

2. Choose which fields or combination of fields to search, and if
appropriate what limitations to make ( such as language or year of
publication)

3. Search selected fields using search terms and strategy either singly or
combination. Observe results, and if necessary modify search
strategy by using different search terms or different combinations

4. Print out or download appropriate records or parts of records
PROCEDURE IN WRITING A
RESEARCH PAPER
Follow these steps as you organize, write, and document your
research paper.
Step 1 Choose a topic
Step 2 Identify and select sources of information
Step 3 Prepare bibliography cards to document the sources of
information used.
Step 4 Prepare note cards to record information from each source
used.
Step 5 Prepare an outline for the research paper.
Step 6 Write and revise drafts of the research paper.
Step 7 Prepare footnotes to give credit to sources from which
you quoted or took major idea.
Step 8 Prepare a bibliography according to the style manual
required by your instructor.
Step 9 Prepare a title page and table of contents.
Step 10 Proofread the research paper.
1. Choosing a topic
The first step in writing a research paper is to choose a topic.
Choose a topic that has sufficient information but not so
much that you will find it difficult to complete a paper about
the topic within the assigned number of pages.
2. Locating sources of information.
Locate as many source of information as needed to complete
your paper. Use at least one source from each one source
from each of the following categories to obtain information to
write your paper. Write the title for one source for each
category.
Encyclopedia
Other References sources
Popular Magazine
Newspaper
Scholarly journal
Book
Government Document
Audio/visual
World wide web
3. Preparing Bibliography cards
In research paper you must give credit to the sources from which
you took information. Using information from a source without
giving credit is plagiarism.
Credit is given by documenting the source of the information in
the bibliography you will prepare for your paper.
4. Preparing Note cards
Note cards are used to write notes or quotes from the sources
listed on the bibliography card. You must prepare one or more
note cards for each bibliography card.
5. Writing the outline
Outline shows how to organize information from your note cards
into main topics, subtopics, details, and sub details.
6. Writing and revising the Draft
A draft is a paper you write that must be revised before it
becomes your final paper.
7. Preparing Footnotes
Footnotes are used to document each source of information you
use. They provide credit for the source of information. Each
footnote is assigned to footnote reference number. The reference
footnote number is 1 for the first footnote, 2 for the second, and
so on. Footnote reference numbers are written immediately after
the information in the text for which credit is being given.
8. Preparing the Bibliography
The bibliography provides a list of all the sources you used to
gather information for your paper. It is placed at end of your
paper.
9. Preparing the Title Page & The Table of Contents
The title page is the first page of the research paper. It must
include the title of the paper, the date, the paper is due, your
lecturers name, and the subject and code for which you wrote
the paper. The table of contents is the second page of the
research paper
10.Final Checklist
When you have finished writing your research paper, examine it
to complete the Final Checklist.
Final Checklist
____ Do I have a title page?
____ Do I have a table of contents?
____ Are the pages numbered correctly?
____ Have I included all the footnotes?
____ Does the bibliography include all the sources I used?
____ Do I have a second copy for my files?