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    Thermodynamic Processes

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    Karthick Ram
    Thermodynamic processes involve a change in state of a system through heat or work interactions with the surroundings. A thermodynamic cycle occurs when a system returns to its initial state after a sequence of processes. Some examples of processes are isothermal (constant temperature), isobaric (constant pressure), isentropic (constant entropy), constant volume, and adiabatic (no heat transfer). The relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature can be expressed mathematically for various thermodynamic processes involving ideal gases, including isothermal, isobaric, adiabatic, and polytropic processes.

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    Thermodynamic Processes

    Uploaded by

    Karthick Ram
    105 views5 pages
    Thermodynamic processes involve a change in state of a system through heat or work interactions with the surroundings. A thermodynamic cycle occurs when a system returns to its initial state after a sequence of processes. Some examples of processes are isothermal (constant temperature), isobaric (constant pressure), isentropic (constant entropy), constant volume, and adiabatic (no heat transfer). The relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature can be expressed mathematically for various thermodynamic processes involving ideal gases, including isothermal, isobaric, adiabatic, and polytropic processes.

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    Process

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    Thermodynamic processes involve a change in state of a system through heat or work interactions with the surroundings. A thermodynamic cycle occurs when a system returns to its initial state after a sequence of processes. Some examples of processes are isothermal (constant temperature), isobaric (constant pressure), isentropic (constant entropy), constant volume, and adiabatic (no heat transfer). The relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature can be expressed mathematically for various thermodynamic processes involving ideal gases, including isothermal, isobaric, adiabatic, and polytropic processes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    105 views5 pages

    Thermodynamic Processes

    Uploaded by

    Karthick Ram
    Thermodynamic processes involve a change in state of a system through heat or work interactions with the surroundings. A thermodynamic cycle occurs when a system returns to its initial state after a sequence of processes. Some examples of processes are isothermal (constant temperature), isobaric (constant pressure), isentropic (constant entropy), constant volume, and adiabatic (no heat transfer). The relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature can be expressed mathematically for various thermodynamic processes involving ideal gases, including isothermal, isobaric, adiabatic, and polytropic processes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    Thermodynamic Processes

    States of a thermodynamic system can be changed by


    interacting with its surrounding through work and heat. When
    this change occurs in a system, it is said that the system is
    undergoing a process.

    A thermodynamic cycle is a sequence of different processes that
    begins and ends at the same thermodynamic state.

    Some sample processes:
    Isothermal process: temperature is constant T=C
    Isobaric process: pressure is constant, P=C
    Isentropic process: entropy is constant, s=C
    Constant-volume process, v=C
    Adiabatic process: no heat transfer, Q=0

    Process-1
    Use ideal gas assumption (closed system):
    2
    1
    2 1
    1 2
    Isothermal process: T=constant
    Energy balance U=Q-W, for ideal gas U= H=0
    since both are functions of temperature only
    Q=W, W= P
    ln ln
    Isobaric process:
    mRT dV
    dV dV mRT
    V V
    V P
    mRT mRT
    V P
    A A A
    = =
    | | | |
    = =
    | |
    \ . \ .
    } } }

    2
    2 1
    1
    2 1 2 1 2 1
    2 2 1 1 2 1
    P=constant
    U=Q-W, W= PdV=P dV=P(V )
    ( ) ( ) ( )
    ( ) ( )
    V
    Q U P V V U U P V V
    U PV U PV H H H
    A
    = A + = +
    = + + = = A
    } }
    Process-2
    v
    v
    Constant volume process: V=constant
    Q-W= U, W= 0, no work done
    Q= U=m u=m c
    Adiabatic process: Q=0
    Q-W= U, -W= U
    - W=dU (infinitesimal increment of work and energy)
    dU+PdV=0, mc 0

    v
    PdV
    dT
    mRT
    dT dV
    V
    c
    o
    A =
    A A
    A A
    | |
    + =
    |
    \ .

    }
    }

    v
    2 2 2 1 1
    1 1 1 2 2
    1
    0, , integrate and assume
    c =constant
    ln ln ,
    v
    v
    v
    R
    k
    c
    c RT dT dV
    dT dV
    V R T V
    c T V T V V
    R T V T V V

    | |
    + = =
    |
    \ .
    | | | | | | | |
    = = =
    | | | |
    \ . \ . \ . \ .
    Process-3
    2 1
    1 2
    1 1 2
    2 2 1
    2 1 2 2
    1 2 1 1
    2 2 2 1
    1 1 1
    ( 1)
    1
    1
    1
    , from ideal gas relation
    PV=RT, , substitute
    , multiply from both sides
    ,
    k
    k
    k
    k
    k
    T V
    T V
    V T P
    V T P
    T T P T
    T T P T
    T P P V
    T P P
    and


    | |
    =
    |
    \ .
    | | | |
    =
    | |
    \ . \ .
    | |
    | || | | |
    =
    |
    | | |
    \ .\ . \ .
    \ .
    | | | |
    = =
    | |
    \ . \ . 2
    1 1 2 2
    k
    Also and tan
    For an ideal gas undergoing adiabatic process
    k
    k
    k
    V
    PV PV pV cons t
    | |
    |
    \ .
    = =
    Process-4
    Polytropic Process: its P-V relation can be expressed as
    PV
    n
    = constant, where n is a constant for a specific process
    Isothermal, T=constant, if the gas is an ideal gas then
    PV=RT=constant, n=1
    Isobaric, P=constant, n=0 (for all substances)
    Constant-volume, V=constant, V=constant(P)
    (1/n)
    , n=
    (for all substances)
    Adiabatic process, n=k for an ideal gas
    1 1 2 2
    2 2
    1 1
    1 1
    2
    1 1
    1 1 2 2 1 1
    1 1 2 1
    1
    ( )
    ( )
    ( ) ( )
    1 1
    n n n
    n n
    n
    n n n n
    PV PV PV
    W PdV PV V dV
    PV PV PV
    PV V dV V V
    n n


    = =
    = =

    = = =

    } }
    }

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