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    Social Learning Theory

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    Nauman Chaudary
    Social Learning Theory posits that behavior is learned through observation and modeling of others, rather than just through reinforcement. It emphasizes the reciprocal interaction between cognitive/personal factors, environmental influences, and behavior. Bandura's Bobo doll experiments in the 1960s demonstrated that children will imitate and learn aggressive behaviors even without direct reinforcement, supporting the theory that people can learn new behaviors through observation alone.

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    Social Learning Theory

    Uploaded by

    Nauman Chaudary
    32 views25 pages
    Social Learning Theory posits that behavior is learned through observation and modeling of others, rather than just through reinforcement. It emphasizes the reciprocal interaction between cognitive/personal factors, environmental influences, and behavior. Bandura's Bobo doll experiments in the 1960s demonstrated that children will imitate and learn aggressive behaviors even without direct reinforcement, supporting the theory that people can learn new behaviors through observation alone.

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    Social Learning Theory posits that behavior is learned through observation and modeling of others, rather than just through reinforcement. It emphasizes the reciprocal interaction between cognitive/personal factors, environmental influences, and behavior. Bandura's Bobo doll experiments in the 1960s demonstrated that children will imitate and learn aggressive behaviors even without direct reinforcement, supporting the theory that people can learn new behaviors through observation alone.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    32 views25 pages

    Social Learning Theory

    Uploaded by

    Nauman Chaudary
    Social Learning Theory posits that behavior is learned through observation and modeling of others, rather than just through reinforcement. It emphasizes the reciprocal interaction between cognitive/personal factors, environmental influences, and behavior. Bandura's Bobo doll experiments in the 1960s demonstrated that children will imitate and learn aggressive behaviors even without direct reinforcement, supporting the theory that people can learn new behaviors through observation alone.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 25

    Social Learning Theory

    One difficulty with many learning theories is their


    almost exclusive emphasis on the processes of
    acquisition of behavior and performance, and their
    almost total neglect of the content of personality
    ~Julian Rotter, 1972
    Radical Behaviorism
    Pros and Cons
    Pros: Scientific
    Deals with observable, measurable
    phenomena
    Rigorous methodology
    Con: Ignores the things that make
    humans human
    Cognitions
    Emotions
    Free Will
    Therefore.
    Albert Banduras
    (1960s +) Social
    Learning Theory
    aka Social
    Cognitive Theory
    Put the person
    back into
    personality
    Theoretical Foundations of
    Social Learning Theory
    Psychodynamic explanations of behavior are
    flawed
    They are based on inferred drives/needs/etc.,
    which cannot be tested
    They ignore conscious cognitions
    They ignore situational influences
    Radical behaviorism is flawed
    It ignores cognition and emotion (Rotters
    content of personality)
    e.g., Assumes that actual reinforcement is necessary for
    learning to occur
    e.g., Rejects free will
    Banduras Triadic Model of
    Reciprocal Determinism
    Environmental
    Influences
    Personal Factors
    (beliefs, expectations,
    self-perceptions)
    Overt
    Behavior
    Beyond Reinforcement 1
    External reinforcement isnt the only way in
    which behavior is acquired, maintained, or
    altered
    We can also learn by observing, reading, or
    hearing about others behavior
    We develop anticipated consequences for our
    behaviors
    Even for behaviors were never engaged in
    Our cognitive abilities give us the capability for insight
    and foresight
    Beyond Reinforcement 2
    Banduras biggest contribution to learning
    theory:
    New patterns of behavior can be acquired in
    the absence of external reinforcement
    We can pay attention to what others do, and
    repeat their actions
    i.e., We learn through observation, rather than
    through direct reinforcement
    Self-Regulation and Cognition
    We can exercise control over our behavior
    through self-regulation
    We are not slaves to environmental influences
    We have free will
    Cognition allows us to use previous experiences,
    rather than trial-and-error, to foresee probable
    consequences of our acts, and behave
    accordingly
    Self-regulation allows us to choose behaviors
    that help us to avoid punishments and move
    towards long-term goals
    Bandura et al., 1963
    Subjects
    48 boys and 48 girls
    attending Stanford U
    Nursery School
    Mean age 4.3 years
    Ss are matched across
    experimental groups for
    degree of aggressive
    behavior shown in
    nursery school
    interaction
    Exposure to an
    aggressive model
    (4 conditions)
    1. Observe an adult model
    behave aggressive
    2. Observe same adult model
    and same behaviors, but
    on film
    3. Observe same behaviors
    performed by a cartoon
    character
    4. Control group (no
    observations)
    Response measures
    1. Total aggression
    2. Imitative
    aggression
    3. Partially imitative
    responses
    Mallet aggression
    Sitting on the Bobo
    doll
    4. Nonimitative
    aggression
    Aggressive gun play
    Bandura et al. Results 1:
    Total Aggression
    Female Male Female Male
    Real life model Film model
    Cartoon
    Model
    No Model
    Control
    Girls Boys
    Bandura et al. Results 2:
    Imitative Aggression
    Female Male Female Male
    Real life model Film model
    Cartoon Control
    Girls Boys
    Bandura et al. Results 3:
    Partially Imitative Responses
    F M F M
    Real life Film
    Cat Cntrl
    Mallet Aggression
    F
    M
    F
    M
    Real life
    Film
    Cat
    Cntrl
    Sits On Bobo Doll
    0
    20
    40
    60
    80
    100
    120
    140
    G
    i
    r
    l
    s

    B
    o
    y
    s

    G
    i
    r
    l
    s

    B
    o
    y
    s

    G
    i
    r
    l
    s

    B
    o
    y
    s

    G
    i
    r
    l
    s

    B
    o
    y
    s

    Total
    Aggression
    Imitative
    Aggression
    Mallet
    Aggression
    Sit on
    Bobo Doll
    Real life mode
    Female
    Real life model
    Male
    Film model
    Female
    Film model
    Male
    Cartoon
    Control
    Implications:
    Eron & Heusmann, 1985
    0
    10
    20
    30
    40
    50
    DV: Seriousness of Criminal Act by Age 30
    Low Low Med Med High High
    Frequency of TV Viewing at Age 8
    Females Males
    Modeling
    We learn much of what we do through
    observing and speaking with others
    (models), rather than through personal
    experience
    We form a cognitive image of how to
    perform certain behaviors through
    modeling, and use this image as a guide
    for later behaviors
    Basic Processes of
    Observational Learning 1
    1. Attentional Processes
    (attend to and accurately
    perceive models behavior)
    2. Retention Processes
    (remember the
    models behavior)
    Basic Processes of Observational
    Learning 2
    3. Motor Reproduction Processes
    (translate symbolically coded
    memories of the models behavior
    into new response patterns)
    4. Motivational Processes
    (if positive reinforcement is
    potentially available, enact the
    modeled behavior)
    Reinforcement in Observational
    Learning
    Types of Reinforcement
    Vicarious reinforcement
    Vicarious positive reinforcement
    Vicarious punishment
    Self-reinforcement
    Reward or punish self for meeting or failing to
    meet own standards
    Empirical Evidence of
    Observational Learning
    Children who see an adult behave aggressively might
    view that aggressive behavior as a positive thing (i.e.,
    expect positive reinforcement of some type for that
    behavior), and therefore might imitate that aggressive
    behavior
    Bandura & Huston, 1961
    Children imitate a models aggressive behavior in the
    presence of the model
    Bandura, Ross, & Ross, 1961
    Children imitate a models aggressive behavior in a new
    setting, away from the model
    Bandura, Ross, & Ross, 1963
    Will children imitate a film-models aggressive behavior?
    Performing the Right Behavior at the Right Time:
    Self-Regulation
    We learn all kinds of
    behaviors by
    observing others

    Why dont we all
    just run around
    imitating every
    behavior we see?
    Recall the Triadic Model of
    Reciprocal Determinism
    Environmental
    Influences
    Personal Factors
    (beliefs, expectations,
    self-perceptions)
    Overt
    Behavior
    Self-Regulation
    An important personal
    factor is the ability to
    self-regulate
    Some people are pretty
    good at this, some
    people arent so good
    Self-regulation is
    probably domain-
    specific (recall the
    environmental
    influences component
    of the triad model)
    Can regulate some
    things, but not others
    Delay of Gratification
    Children who are able
    to delay gratification
    at age 5 are less likely
    to become alcoholics
    or drug addicts later
    in life
    Specific to appetitive
    rewards

    Summary
    We acquire, maintain, and modify behaviors
    that we see others perform
    We decide which behaviors to keep, and
    when to use them, by using:
    symbolic thought (what are my long term
    goals?)
    emotion (damn that Bobo doll!!!)
    self-regulation (I really want to stab my prof, but
    I need an A, so)
    Bandura and other Social Learning Theorists
    put the person back into personality by
    stressing the interplay of personal factors,
    environmental factors, and behavior

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