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    Neurotransmission: "Most Drugs That Affect Behavior Do So by Affecting Synaptic Transmission"

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    pujarze4
    Neurotransmission occurs through synaptic transmission and is affected by drugs that target neurotransmitters. There are four major categories of neurotransmitters: amino acids, amines, peptides, and gases. The most common small molecule neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, monoamines like dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, and amino acids like glutamate and GABA. Neurotransmitters are synthesized from precursors, stored in vesicles, released into the synapse upon neuronal firing, and deactivated via reuptake or enzymatic breakdown to terminate their effect.

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    Neurotransmission: "Most Drugs That Affect Behavior Do So by Affecting Synaptic Transmission"

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    pujarze4
    23 views34 pages
    Neurotransmission occurs through synaptic transmission and is affected by drugs that target neurotransmitters. There are four major categories of neurotransmitters: amino acids, amines, peptides, and gases. The most common small molecule neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, monoamines like dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, and amino acids like glutamate and GABA. Neurotransmitters are synthesized from precursors, stored in vesicles, released into the synapse upon neuronal firing, and deactivated via reuptake or enzymatic breakdown to terminate their effect.

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    Neurotransmission

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    Neurotransmission occurs through synaptic transmission and is affected by drugs that target neurotransmitters. There are four major categories of neurotransmitters: amino acids, amines, peptides, and gases. The most common small molecule neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, monoamines like dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, and amino acids like glutamate and GABA. Neurotransmitters are synthesized from precursors, stored in vesicles, released into the synapse upon neuronal firing, and deactivated via reuptake or enzymatic breakdown to terminate their effect.

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    23 views34 pages

    Neurotransmission: "Most Drugs That Affect Behavior Do So by Affecting Synaptic Transmission"

    Uploaded by

    pujarze4
    Neurotransmission occurs through synaptic transmission and is affected by drugs that target neurotransmitters. There are four major categories of neurotransmitters: amino acids, amines, peptides, and gases. The most common small molecule neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, monoamines like dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, and amino acids like glutamate and GABA. Neurotransmitters are synthesized from precursors, stored in vesicles, released into the synapse upon neuronal firing, and deactivated via reuptake or enzymatic breakdown to terminate their effect.

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    of 34

    Neurotransmission

    Most drugs that affect behavior do so


    by affecting synaptic transmission
    Terminology
    Agonists - drugs that act to
    enhance the effects of a
    particular NT
    Antagonists - drugs that act to
    decrease the effects of a
    particular NT
    Direct vs Indirect
    Direct
    Drug binds to receptor and mimics NT
    Drug binds to and blocks receptor
    Indirect
    Everything else
    What are some
    The sequence
    NT synthesized and stored in vesicles
    NT released when neuron fires
    NT binds to postsynaptic receptors,
    producing EPSPs or IPSPs
    NT reuptake or breakdown (brief effect)
    Autorecepors regulate synthesis and
    releasee
    NEUROTRANSMITTERS
    Four Major Categories
    Amino acids
    Amines - derived from amino acids
    ACh (Acetylcholine) is the exception
    Peptides - constructed from amino acids
    Gases
    Dales law - neuron has single NT-
    applies to amino acids and amines
    Co-release with peptides stored in
    neurosecretory granules - an amino
    acid or amine and a peptide
    Small Molecule Neurotransmitters
    Acetylcholine - ACh - Cholinergic
    Synthesized from choline
    (dietary substance-milk, eggs,
    liver & peanuts) and acetyl CoA
    by choline acetyltransferase
    Choline availability is the rate-
    limiting step
    Metabolic deactivation -
    acetycholinesterase- AChE
    Small Molecule Neurotransmitters
    Acetylcholine - ACh - Cholinergic
    Nicotinic receptor
    Ionotropic
    Fast
    neuromuscular junction
    Muscarinic receptor
    Metabotropic
    slow
    PNS

    Ionotropic

    Metabotropic

    Small Molecule Neurotransmitters
    Monoamines - MA - Monoaminergic
    Catecholamines Indolamines
    Dopamine - DA Serotonin - 5-HT
    Dopaminergic Serotonergic
    Norepinephrine - NE
    Noradrenergic
    Epinephrine - E
    Adrenergic

    Dopamine Synthesis
    Tyrosine (amino acid)
    Tyrosine hydroxylase
    rate-limiting step
    L-Dopa
    Dopa decarboxylase
    Dopamine (DA)
    At least 5 DA receptors: D1, D2, etc
    Dopamine Systems (CNS)
    Nigrostriatal
    Movement
    Mesolimbic
    Reward
    Mesocortical
    Short-term memories and planning

    Norepinephrine Synthesis
    Tyrosine (amino acid)
    Tyrosine hydroxylase
    L-Dopa
    Dopa decarboxylase
    Dopamine
    Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
    Norepinephrine
    Alpha and beta receptor subtypes
    Varicosity release
    NE systems (PNS and CNS)
    Pons and Medulla
    Locus coeruleus
    Vigilance, attention to the environment

    Serotonin Synthesis
    Tryptophan (amino acid) - availability is
    rate-limiting step
    Tryptophan hydroxylase
    5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)
    5-HTP decarboxylase
    5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
    At least 7 different subtypes, 5-HT
    1A-1D

    and 5-HT
    2-4
    Serotonin systems (CNS)
    Most in Raphe system (brainstem)
    Arousal
    Sleep
    Mood
    Prozac (fluoxetine) blocks serotonin reuptake
    Monoamines
    Inactivated by reuptake
    Also deactivated metabolically by
    monoamine oxidase - MAO
    Reserpine - makes vesicles leaky -
    depletes monoamines
    MAO inhibitors - increases monoamine
    concentrations
    Small Molecule Neurotransmitters
    Amino Acids - Aminergics
    Glutamate - Glu glutaminergic
    synthesized from glucose
    Excitatory NT in CNS
    Receptors - named by agonists
    AMPA - control sodium channels
    NMDA - control calcium channels and
    are ligand- and voltage-gated
    Kainate - poorly understood

    Small Molecule Neurotransmitters
    Amino Acids - Aminergics
    GABA GABAergic
    Inhibitory NT in CNS
    synthesized from glutamate by
    glutamic acid decarboxylase
    GABA
    A
    controls chloride channel
    GABA
    B
    controls potassium channel
    Glycine - inhibitory NT in spinal cord
    Small Molecule Neurotransmitters
    Soluble Gases
    Nitric Oxide NO
    synthesized from arginine by nitric oxide
    synthase
    Not stored in vesicles - released when
    produced
    Diffuses through membranes
    Controls cerebral and penile
    vasodilation - learning and memory
    Viva Viagra!!
    Other Neurotransmitter
    Candidates
    Carbon Monoxide - gas
    Hydrogen Sulfide - gas (el stinko)
    Adenosine triphosphate - ATP
    Tetrahydrocannabinol THC
    - endogenous ligand called anandamide

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