Introduction To Toxicology

Introduction to Toxicology
Industrial toxicology 2007
Pendahuluan
Systemic poisonings;
Lead : ancient Egypt & Roman times Chemically hazard: 1800s (aniline purple by Perkin) Organic compound Inorganic substances
Science that studies TOXICOLOGY the harmful, or toxic, properties of substances.
All substances have the potential if given in sufficient quantities or under certain circumstances in susceptible individuals to cause harm. There is no clear differentiation between what is considered poisonous and non poisonous to the body. Substances however are general regarded as poisonous if they can cause harm when present in small quantities or in low concentrations.
TOXICITY (1)
1. The ability of a substance to have an adverse effect on the health or well-being of a human. 2. The level of toxicity depends on QUANTITY or DOSE
Toxicity (2)
The toxicity of a chemical depends : 1. on the degree of exposure 2. and absorption.
TOXIC EFFECT
Any reversible or irreversible harmful effect on the body as a

result of contact with a substance
Degree of Hazard
Factors contributing to the degree of hazard: - Route of entry - Quantity of exposure - Physiological state - Environmental variables - Other factors
Factors affecting toxicity

Chemical composition Physical state Routes of contacts Dose / concentrations Particle size Presence of other poisons Duration and frequency of exposure Tissue affinity and solubility in tissues Differential sensitivity of various tissues to certain chemicals Individual / genetic susceptibility
Routes of contact
Respiratory tract;
Total alveoli surface area ; 50 100 m2 Size particle; > 30 microns; do not enter 5-30 microns; deposited in the nasopharynx 2-5 microns; tracheobronchiolar < 2 microns; reaches the alveoli epithelium
Absorption through the skin

Skin is an excellent barrier Depends on;
Concentration of the toxic substance Duration of contact The thickness of the stratum corneum
Absorption through the gastro intestinal tract depends on: Solubility of the material Active transport mechanisms Gastric motility Physical properties Co existent dietary deficiencies Injection Eye
Dietary deficiency Calcium Iron
Enhanced toxicity Cadmium, Lead Cadmium, Lead, Manganese, Plutonium, Dimethylhydranine Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, Silver, Benzena, Ozone, PCBs Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ethanol, Nitrosamines
Selenium
Zinc
Duration of exposures
Acute exposure ; minutes to few hours Sub acute; > few hours to 90 days Chronic; refers to prolonged and repeated exposure over 90 days Presence of other poisons produces additive, synergistic or reduction of adverse effect
Classification of Chemical Hazards

Physical classes;
Gasses and vapours; Aerossols; Dust Fumes Mists Smoke
Gas A substance in the gaseous state at room temperature and pressure. Gasses diffuse. Vapour. The gaseous form of the substance that is normally a liquid or solid at room temperature and pressure but which can be created by altering either these two factors. Vapours diffuse
Aerosols a broad term referring to a solid or liquid particle dispersed in air.

Dust. Solid particles generated by handling, crushing, grinding etc of organic / inorganic materials. Fumes. Solid particles generated by the condensation from the gassier state generally after volatisation from molten metals and often accopmpanied by chemical reactions such as oxidation
Mists- is a dispersion of liquid particles that may be in the visible range, while a fog is a visible of aerosol of liquids formed by condensation, e.g. oil mists produced during cutting and grinding operations Smoke. An aerosol resulted from incomplete combustion of carbon containing materials
Material Safety Data Sheets

The information included: The identity of the substance Physical and chemical characteristics Potential physical hazards The health hazards including sign and symptoms
The primary route(s) of entry Recommended exposure limits Whether the substance is listed on carcinogens report Any generally applicable precautions Emergency and first aid procedures
The date of preparation of MSDS The name, address and telephone number of the manufacturer, importer, employer etc.
Determining factors
The substance Composition physical state exposures etc. The person Genes, Age Other fact State of health Environ/ Allergy, habits climatic
poisoning
Dose
Dose; amount of toxicant within cells of organs that manifests a toxicological effect Blood and urine concentrations;
usually reflect recent exposure correlate best acute exposure Exception example: Urinary cadmium ? Specification of toxicant in samples provide diagnostic insight. Methallothionein compound vs total toxicant
Non-linear dose-response curve with threshold
Influencing host factors

Interaction depend on the metabolism pathways Protein complexes Susceptibility Life style Hypersensitivity reaction
Personal factors
Genetic factors Age State of health Hipersensitivity or allergy Personal hygiene and other personal habits Pregnancy and lactation
A measurement of the Hazard Evaluation (1) 1. Quantity available for absorption by the user, 2. Amount of time available for absorption, 3. Frequency the exposure occurs,
A measurement of the Hazard Evaluation (2) 4. Physical form of the substances, 5. Toxicological properties and 6. Potency and the presence of other substances additives, or contaminants.
1. Ventilation, Hazard Evaluation 2. appropriate hygienic practices, housekeeping, 3. protective clothing, and 4. proper training for safe handling .may eliminate or reduce hazards that may exist
Prevention of exposure to toxic substances

Medical theory / examination Communication Substitution Segregation Enclosure Ventilation Personal hygiene Protective clothing Monitoring
Management of poisoning cases

Removal from further exposure Detoxification Supportive therapy Replacement blood transfusion Organ transplantation

Introduction To Toxicology

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Introduction to Toxicology

Industrial toxicology 2007

Industrial toxicology 2007

Industrial toxicology 2007

Science that studies TOXICOLOGY the harmful, or toxic, properties of substances.

Industrial toxicology 2007

Industrial toxicology 2007

Industrial toxicology 2007

Industrial toxicology 2007

Industrial toxicology 2007

Any reversible or irreversible harmful effect on the body as a

Industrial toxicology 2007

Factors affecting toxicity

Industrial toxicology 2007

Industrial toxicology 2007

Absorption through the skin

Industrial toxicology 2007

Industrial toxicology 2007

Dietary deficiency Calcium Iron

Industrial toxicology 2007

Industrial toxicology 2007

Industrial toxicology 2007

Classification of Chemical Hazards

Industrial toxicology 2007

Industrial toxicology 2007

Aerosols a broad term referring to a solid or liquid particle dispersed in air.

Industrial toxicology 2007

Material Safety Data Sheets

Industrial toxicology 2007

Industrial toxicology 2007

Industrial toxicology 2007

Industrial toxicology 2007

Industrial toxicology 2007

Industrial toxicology 2007

Industrial toxicology 2007

Non-linear dose-response curve with threshold

Industrial toxicology 2007

Influencing host factors

Industrial toxicology 2007

Industrial toxicology 2007

Industrial toxicology 2007

Industrial toxicology 2007

Prevention of exposure to toxic substances

Industrial toxicology 2007

Management of poisoning cases

Industrial toxicology 2007

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