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    Polymer Structures: Issues To Address..

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    Berkan Yilmaz
    This chapter discusses polymer structures, including their chemical and physical characteristics. The key points are: 1) Polymers are large molecules composed of many repeating structural units. Examples include polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polypropylene. 2) Polymers can have different molecular structures such as linear, branched, or cross-linked configurations. They also have a range of molecular weights. 3) Polymer chains may be arranged in ordered crystalline regions or amorphous regions. Semicrystalline polymers have both crystalline and amorphous domains.

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    Polymer Structures: Issues To Address..

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    Berkan Yilmaz
    22 views35 pages
    This chapter discusses polymer structures, including their chemical and physical characteristics. The key points are: 1) Polymers are large molecules composed of many repeating structural units. Examples include polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polypropylene. 2) Polymers can have different molecular structures such as linear, branched, or cross-linked configurations. They also have a range of molecular weights. 3) Polymer chains may be arranged in ordered crystalline regions or amorphous regions. Semicrystalline polymers have both crystalline and amorphous domains.

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    This chapter discusses polymer structures, including their chemical and physical characteristics. The key points are: 1) Polymers are large molecules composed of many repeating structural units. Examples include polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polypropylene. 2) Polymers can have different molecular structures such as linear, branched, or cross-linked configurations. They also have a range of molecular weights. 3) Polymer chains may be arranged in ordered crystalline regions or amorphous regions. Semicrystalline polymers have both crystalline and amorphous domains.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    22 views35 pages

    Polymer Structures: Issues To Address..

    Uploaded by

    Berkan Yilmaz
    This chapter discusses polymer structures, including their chemical and physical characteristics. The key points are: 1) Polymers are large molecules composed of many repeating structural units. Examples include polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polypropylene. 2) Polymers can have different molecular structures such as linear, branched, or cross-linked configurations. They also have a range of molecular weights. 3) Polymer chains may be arranged in ordered crystalline regions or amorphous regions. Semicrystalline polymers have both crystalline and amorphous domains.

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    of 35

    Chapter 14: Polymer Structures

    ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
    What are the general structural and chemical characteristics of polymer molecules? What are some of the common polymeric materials, and how do they differ chemically? How is the crystalline state in polymers different from that in metals and ceramics ?

    Chapter 14 - 1

    Reading for Chapter 14


    Sections 14.1 14.4, Equations 14.5a and 14.6, Sections 14.6 14.7, Sections 14.9 14.13

    Chapter 14 - 2

    What is a Polymer?
    Poly
    many

    mer
    repeat unit

    repeat unit

    repeat unit

    repeat unit

    H H H H H H C C C C C C H H H H H H
    Polyethylene (PE)

    H H H H H H C C C C C C H Cl H Cl H Cl
    Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)

    H C H

    H H C C CH3 H

    H H C C CH3 H

    H C CH3

    Polypropylene (PP)

    Adapted from Fig. 14.2, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

    Chapter 14 - 3

    Ancient Polymers
    Originally natural polymers were used Wood Rubber Cotton Wool Leather Silk Oldest known uses Rubber balls used by Incas Pitch (a natural polymer) used for caulking on old wooden ships
    Chapter 14 - 4

    Polymer Composition
    Most polymers are hydrocarbons i.e., made up of H and C Saturated hydrocarbons Each carbon singly bonded to four other atoms Example: Ethane, C2H6
    H H C H C H H H

    Chapter 14 - 5

    Chapter 14 - 6

    Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
    Double & triple bonds somewhat unstable can form new bonds
    Double bond found in ethylene or ethene - C2H4

    H C C H

    H H

    Triple bond found in acetylene or ethyne - C2H2

    H C C H
    Chapter 14 - 7

    Isomerism
    Isomerism two compounds with same chemical formula can have quite different structures for example: C8H18
    normal-octane
    H H H H H H H H H C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H = H3C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3

    H3C ( CH2 ) CH3


    6

    2,4-dimethylhexane
    CH3 H3C CH CH2 CH CH3 CH2 CH3

    Chapter 14 - 8

    Polymerization and Polymer Chemistry


    Free radical polymerization
    H H R + C C H H monomer (ethylene) H H + C C H H H H R C C H H initiation

    free radical

    H H R C C H H

    H H H H R C C C C H H H H dimer propagation

    Initiator: example - benzoyl peroxide


    H H H 2 H H C O H
    Chapter 14 - 9

    C O O C

    =2 R

    Chemistry and Structure of Polyethylene


    Adapted from Fig. 14.1, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

    Note: polyethylene is a long-chain hydrocarbon - paraffin wax for candles is short polyethylene
    Chapter 14 - 10

    Bulk or Commodity Polymers

    Chapter 14 - 11

    Bulk or Commodity Polymers (cont)

    Chapter 14 - 12

    Bulk or Commodity Polymers (cont)

    Chapter 14 - 13

    MOLECULAR WEIGHT
    Molecular weight, M: Mass of a mole of chains.

    Low M

    high M

    Not all chains in a polymer are of the same length i.e., there is a distribution of molecular weights

    Chapter 14 - 14

    MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION


    total wt of polymer Mn total # of molecules

    M n xi M i

    Mi = mean (middle) molecular weight of size range i xi = number fraction of chains in size range i
    Chapter 14 - 15

    Degree of Polymerization, DP
    DP = average number of repeat units per chain
    H H H H H H H H H H H H H C C (C C ) C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H

    DP = 6

    Mn DP m

    where m average molecular weight of repeat unit for copolymers this is calculated as follows : m fi m i
    Chain fraction mol. wt of repeat unit i
    Chapter 14 - 16

    Molecular Structures for Polymers

    secondary

    bonding

    Linear

    Branched

    Cross-Linked

    Network

    Adapted from Fig. 14.7, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

    Chapter 14 - 17

    Polymers Molecular Shape


    Molecular Shape (or Conformation) chain bending and twisting are possible by rotation of carbon atoms around their chain bonds note: not necessary to break chain bonds to alter molecular shape
    Adapted from Fig. 14.5, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

    Chapter 14 - 18

    Chain End-to-End Distance, r

    Adapted from Fig. 14.6, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

    Chapter 14 - 19

    Copolymers
    two or more monomers polymerized together random A and B randomly positioned along chain alternating A and B alternate in polymer chain block large blocks of A units alternate with large blocks of B units graft chains of B units grafted onto A backbone A B
    random

    Adapted from Fig. 14.9, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

    alternating

    block

    graft
    Chapter 14 - 20

    Crystallinity in Polymers
    Ordered atomic arrangements involving molecular chains Crystal structures in terms of unit cells Example shown polyethylene unit cell

    Adapted from Fig. 14.10, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

    Chapter 14 - 21

    Polymer Crystallinity
    Crystalline regions thin platelets with chain folds at faces Chain folded structure
    Adapted from Fig. 14.12, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

    10 nm

    Chapter 14 - 22

    Polymer Crystallinity (cont.)


    Polymers rarely 100% crystalline
    Difficult for all regions of all chains to become aligned crystalline
    region

    Degree of crystallinity

    expressed as % crystallinity.
    -- Some physical properties depend on % crystallinity. -- Heat treating causes crystalline regions to grow and % crystallinity to increase.

    amorphous region

    Adapted from Fig. 14.11, Callister 6e. (Fig. 14.11 is from H.W. Hayden, W.G. Moffatt, and J. Wulff, The Structure and Properties of Materials, Vol. III, Mechanical Behavior, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1965.)

    Chapter 14 - 23

    Polymer Single Crystals


    Electron micrograph multilayered single crystals (chain-folded layers) of polyethylene Single crystals only for slow and carefully controlled growth rates

    Adapted from Fig. 14.11, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

    Chapter 14 - 24

    Semicrystalline Polymers
    Some semicrystalline polymers form spherulite structures Alternating chain-folded crystallites and amorphous regions Spherulite structure for relatively rapid growth rates

    Spherulite surface

    Adapted from Fig. 14.13, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

    Chapter 14 - 25

    Photomicrograph Spherulites in Polyethylene


    Cross-polarized light used -- a maltese cross appears in each spherulite

    Adapted from Fig. 14.14, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

    Chapter 14 - 26

    Study Problems
    14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 14.13, 14.14, 14.15, 14,22

    Chapter 14 - 27

    Chapter 14 - 28

    Chapter 14 - 29

    Chapter 14 - 30

    Chapter 14 - 31

    Chapter 14 - 32

    Chapter 14 - 33

    Chapter 14 - 34

    Chapter 14 - 35

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