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    Neurotransmitters

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    preetie87
    This document outlines the criteria for classifying a substance as a neurotransmitter and describes several important neurotransmitters in the brain and peripheral nervous system. To be classified as a neurotransmitter, a substance must be synthesized and stored in neurons, released from nerve terminals in response to stimulation, act on receptors, and be deactivated or removed from the synapse. The document then summarizes several major classes of neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, monoamines like dopamine and serotonin, amino acid transmitters like GABA and glutamate, peptide neurotransmitters, and gaseous neurotransmitters like nitric oxide.

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    Neurotransmitters

    Uploaded by

    preetie87
    94 views39 pages
    This document outlines the criteria for classifying a substance as a neurotransmitter and describes several important neurotransmitters in the brain and peripheral nervous system. To be classified as a neurotransmitter, a substance must be synthesized and stored in neurons, released from nerve terminals in response to stimulation, act on receptors, and be deactivated or removed from the synapse. The document then summarizes several major classes of neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, monoamines like dopamine and serotonin, amino acid transmitters like GABA and glutamate, peptide neurotransmitters, and gaseous neurotransmitters like nitric oxide.

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    This document outlines the criteria for classifying a substance as a neurotransmitter and describes several important neurotransmitters in the brain and peripheral nervous system. To be classified as a neurotransmitter, a substance must be synthesized and stored in neurons, released from nerve terminals in response to stimulation, act on receptors, and be deactivated or removed from the synapse. The document then summarizes several major classes of neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, monoamines like dopamine and serotonin, amino acid transmitters like GABA and glutamate, peptide neurotransmitters, and gaseous neurotransmitters like nitric oxide.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    94 views39 pages

    Neurotransmitters

    Uploaded by

    preetie87
    This document outlines the criteria for classifying a substance as a neurotransmitter and describes several important neurotransmitters in the brain and peripheral nervous system. To be classified as a neurotransmitter, a substance must be synthesized and stored in neurons, released from nerve terminals in response to stimulation, act on receptors, and be deactivated or removed from the synapse. The document then summarizes several major classes of neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, monoamines like dopamine and serotonin, amino acid transmitters like GABA and glutamate, peptide neurotransmitters, and gaseous neurotransmitters like nitric oxide.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 39
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are that there are several criteria for classifying a substance as a neurotransmitter and that neurotransmitters can be small molecules, peptides, or gases. Major classes discussed include acetylcholine, monoamines, amino acids, peptides, and diffusible gases.

    The main criteria for classifying a substance as a neurotransmitter are that it must be found in neurons, have the necessary enzymes for synthesis, be released from terminals in response to stimulation, act on receptors, and have an inactivation mechanism like reuptake or degradation.

    The two main classes of amino acid neurotransmitters mentioned are excitatory amino acids like glutamate and inhibitory amino acids like GABA and glycine.

    Neurotransmitters

    Neurotransmitter Criteria
    1. Identity
    Substance must be found in neurons

    Neurotransmitter Criteria
    1. Identity 2. Synthesis
    Cell has precursors and enzymes necessary for synthesis

    Neurotransmitter Criteria
    1. Identity 2. Synthesis 3. Release

    Must be released from terminals; (collect substance from cleft after nerve stimulation)

    Neurotransmitter Criteria
    1. 2. 3. 4. Identity Synthesis Release Receptors
    Cross desensitization between substance and suspected n.t. Blockade of n.t. action by receptor antagonists Applicaton of suspected n.t. mimics action of nerve stimulation

    Neurotransmitter Criteria
    1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Identity Synthesis Release Receptors Inactivation
    Inactivation mechanism enzymatic degradation reuptake

    Neurotransmitter Criteria
    1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Identity Synthesis Release Receptors Inactivation Pharmacology

    Same effect on ion channels; p.s.p.s have same reversal potentials Same effect on membrane resistance and potential Applied substances must be effective in physiological concentrations Inhibition of degrading enzyme prolongs action of both

    Neurotransmitter Criteria
    1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Identity Synthesis Release Receptors Inactivation Pharmacology

    Acetylcholine Synthesis
    Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT)
    Acetyl CoA + Choline Acetylcholine + CoA

    + CoA

    Degradation
    Acetylcholine Esterase (AchE) Acetylcholine Choline + Acetate

    Chemicals that Act on ACh Systems


    black widow spider venom
    stimulates release of ACh

    botulinum toxin
    blocks release of ACh

    curare
    blocks ACh nicotinic receptors

    insecticides
    AChE inhibitors atropine as antidote blocks muscarinic receptors

    Clinical Aspects of ACh Systems


    Alzheimers disease
    loss of ACh neurons in the basal nucleus of Meynert
    AriceptACh agonist

    Monoamines
    single amine (NH2) group Catecholamines (CAs)
    dopamine (DA) norepinephrine (NE, noradrenaline) epinephrine (EPI, adrenaline)

    Indoleamines
    serotonin (5-hydroxy tryptamine, 5-HT)

    Catecholamine synthesis

    Serotonin synthesis

    Dopamine Systems

    Norepinephrine Systems

    SystemsSerotonin

    Characteristics of Monoaminergic Systems


    Diffuse distribution of targets Fine, unmyelinated axons Metabotropic synapses

    Functions of Monaminergic Systems


    State phenomena
    sleep and arousal hunger mood

    Amino Acid Transmitters


    Excitatory Amino Acid
    Glutamic Acid, or Glutamate

    Inhibitory Amino Acids


    Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) Glutamic Acid Glycine GABA

    Glutamate Receptor Subtypes

    NMDA receptor binding sites

    http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/neurobiology/receptors.htm

    Glutamate
    non-NMDA receptors NMDA receptors

    Na+ channels open removes blockade depolarization

    Ca2+ channels open (Mg2+ blockade)

    Ca2+ enters when Mg2+ is removed

    postsynaptic effects (learning)

    Ca2+dependent K+ channels open

    reinstates blockade

    repolarization

    a. Non-NMDA Na+ channels open, Na+ enters and depolarizes membrane b. Mg2+ blockade of NMDA Ca2+ channels removed by membrane depolarization; Ca2+ enters c. Ca2+ dependent K+ channels open; membrane repolarized d. Mg2+ blockade reinstated

    b c

    GABA receptor binding sites

    Peptide Neurotransmitters
    (Often serve hormonal functions as well)
    Substance P (P for Peptide) Principal somatosensory transmitter First peptide transmitter discovered Gut hormones e.g. angiotensin neuropeptide Y cholecystokinin Releasing factors for hormones e.g. tryrotropin releasing hormone somatotrophin, somatostatin corticotropin Opiates Enkephalins, Endorphins

    Diffusible Gases
    Nitric Oxide (NO)
    Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) Arginine NO + Citrulline

    Carbon Monoxide (CO)


    Heme Oxygenase

    Heme

    CO + biliverdin

    Functions of Diffusible Gas Neurotransmitters


    regulate blood flow cerebral peripheral (e.g. penis) retrograde messenger Hebbs postulate of learning

    Summary of Neurotransmitters
    Small Molecule Neurotransmitter Substances
    Acetylcholine (ACh) Serotonin (5-HT) Dopamine (DA) Histamine Norepinephrine (NE) Epinephrine

    Amino Acids
    Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) Glycine Aspartate Glutamate

    Neuroactive Peptides - partial list


    bradykinin cholecystokinin gastrin secretin oxytocin sleep peptides beta-endorphin enkephalin substance P somatostatin prolactin galanin bombesin dynorphin neurotensin motilin thyrotropin neuropeptide Y luteinizing hormone calcitonin insulin glucagon vasopressin angiotensin II thyrotropinreleasing hormone vasoactive intestinal peptide

    gonadotropningrowth hormonereleasing hormone releasing hormone

    Soluble Gases
    Nitric Oxide (NO) Carbon Monoxide

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