Pharma
Pharma
Pharma
Academic Instructor BSU College Of Nursing BSU College of Science Chief Nurse Apalit Doctors Hospital Inc Certified BLS/ ACLS Provider Philippine Heart Association/ Philippine College of Cardiology
NURSING PHARMACOLOGY
Dosages
Formula Method
Challenge: Must remember the extra step of changing D and H to same unit of measurement. Also may have extra variables such as body weight, times per day, etc.
D V H
Amount to Give
Product of the means equals the product of the extremes. The products of cross multiplication in a proportion are always equal
Necessities for Student Success in Dosage Calculations Review of basic math functions fractions
and decimals
Adding Subtracting Multiplication Division
240mg 1
grains
40mg 1dose
What is on hand?
40mg 10 ml 1dose 80 mg
40mg 10 ml 1dose 80 mg
Where are you going? (or what are you being asked to give?)
40 mg 10 ml ________ ml 1dose 80 mg
40 mg 10 ml ________ ml 1dose 80 mg
Do the math
40 mg 10 ml 5 ________ ml 1dose 80 mg
2
1
20
1 ml
Complex Problems
Order: Augmentin 12.5mg/kg PO every 12 hours. Child weighs 22 lbs. Pharmacy sends a 75 ml bottle of Augmentin labeled 125mg/5ml. How many milliliters will you pour from the bottle?
ml
cap
1 ta
b
Practice Problems
Your patient may receive Dilaudid 3 mg IM q3h for pain. Dilaudid is supplied in 1-ml ampules containing 4 mg. How many milliliters will you administer?
The physician orders heparin 2500U subq. You have heparin, 5000U per ml. How many ml will you administer?
1 ml 2
Your patient needs morphine gr 1/6 SQ stat for chest pain. You have a 20 ml vial labeled 15mg/ml. How many milliliters will you give?
A patient with tachycardia has an order for Brevibloc to be started at 50 mcg/kg/min. The concentration is Brevibloc 5 g in 500ml of D5W. The patient weighs 176 pounds. How many ml/h should the IV pump be programmed for?
50mcg 500ml 176lbs. 1kg 60 min 1mg 1g 1000mcg 1000mg 1hour kg / min 5g 2.2lbs 1 pt .
1 25 1
24ml/hr
2 80
12
Reconstitution
Reconstitution problems ask the nurse to dissolve a drug (typically a powder) whose quantity is usually expressed in grams or milligrams in:
a specific quantity of a liquid (usually measured in milliliters). Frequently, the liquid is normal saline (0.9% NS) or D5W. Conceptually, this is identical to dissolving 1 teaspoon of table salt in 1 cup of hot water.
25
Reconstitution
Order: 350 mg of the drug to be given q8h IV. How many mL will you give per dose? Supply: The drug is available in 500 mg containers. The label tells the nurse to dissolve the powder in 25 mL of normal saline (NS).
26
Reconstitution
Which pairs of data do you find in the problem? 350 mg every 8 hours. (every 8 hours means: 1 dose.) 500 mg of the powder is dissolved in 25 mL of NS.
What is the answers label for your calculation? How many mL/dose? Can you isolate all of the components that are 27 required to solve this problem? (YES, of course
Answer Reconstitution
28
Reconstitution
Order: 250 mg of the drug to be given q8h IV. How many mL will you give per dose? Supply: The drug is available in 1g containers. The label tells the nurse to dissolve the powder in 50 mL of normal saline (NS).
29
Answer Reconstitution
mL/dose = (50 mL/1 g) * (1 g/1000 mg) * (250 mg/dose) = 12.5 mL/dose
30
Reconstitution
Order: 20 mg/Kg of the drug to be given q8h IV. Patient weighs 50 pounds. How many mL will you give per dose?
Supply: The drug is available in 500 mg containers. The label tells the nurse to dissolve the powder in 5 mL of normal saline (NS). With which data pair is the dose a factor? Why?
31
Answer Reconstitution
mL/dose = (5 mL/500 mg) * (20 mg/1 Kg/1 dose) * (1 Kg/2.2 lbs) * (50 lbs/1)
32
Reconstitution Graphic
5 million Units in 3.2 mL
1 million Units/1 mL
The patient
33
10-34
IV Solutions
Includes
Solutions Medications Blood
Rapid effect
10-35
IV Solutions FUNCTIONS
Replacement
Electrolytes Fluids
KVO fluids
Keep Vein Open Maintain an IV line
Maintenance
Fluid balance Electrolyte balance
Therapeutic
Delivers medication to patient
10-36
IV Solutions IV LABELS
Solution
labels
10-37
IV Solutions IV LABELS
(cont.)
10-38
5% dextrose in Lactated Ringers solution might be abbreviated in any of the following ways:
D5LR
D5LR
5%
D/LR D5%LR
10-39
IV Solutions COMMONLY
USED ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATION SOLUTION
10% dextrose in water 5% dextrose in water Water Normal saline (0.9% NaCl) Lactated ringers
Ringers lactate
10-40
IV Solutions COMMONLY
USED ABBREVIATIONS (cont )
ABBREVIATION SOLUTION
NS; NSS
One-half normal saline solution (0.45% NaCl) 1/ NS; 1/ NSS One-third normal saline solution 3 3 (0.3% NaCl) NS; NSS One-fourth normal saline solution (0.225% NaCl)
10-41
IV Solutions
IV CONCENTRATIONS
0.9% saline Contains 900 mg, or 0.9 g, of sodium chloride per 100 mL.
Normal saline
0.45% saline Contains 450 mg, or 0.45 g, of sodium chloride per 100 mL
10-42
IV Solutions
IV CONCENTRATIONS (cont.)
Isotonic IV solutions
10-43
IV Solutions
IV CONCENTRATIONS (cont.)
Hypotonic IV solutions
Move fluid into surrounding cells and tissues Restore proper fluid level in cells and tissues Used to correct dehydration 0.45% NS, 0.3% NS
10-44
IV Solutions
IV CONCENTRATIONS (cont.)
Hypertonic IV solutions
Draw fluid from cells and tissues into blood stream Used to correct severe fluid shifts (burns) 3% Saline
10-45
IV Solutions
IV CONCENTRATIONS (cont.)
Rule 10-2
Patients with normal electrolyte levels are likely to receive isotonic solutions. Patients with high electrolyte levels will receive hypotonic solutions.
10-46
IV Solutions COMPATIBILITY
Additives
Medications, electrolytes, and nutrients If not prepackaged, will have to mix.
10-47
IV Solutions
COMPATIBILITY (cont.)
Rule 10-3 Before combining any medications, electrolytes, or nutrients with an IV solution, be sure the components are compatible.
10-48
IV Solutions
COMPATIBILITY (cont.)
Examples of incompatible medications/solutions Ampicillin D5W Cefotaxime sodium
Diazepam Dopamine HCl
Sodium bicarbonate
Potassium chloride Sodium bicarbonate
Penicillin
Penicillin Sodium bicarbonate
Heparin
Vitamin B complex Lactated Ringers
Tetracycline
Calcium chloride
10-49
IV Equipment
Primary Line
Tubing
Drip
10-50
Roller clamp
Injection ports
Drip chamber
10-51
IV Equipment (cont.)
Tubing
Macrodrip
Larger
Microdrip
Smaller
drops in drip chamber Infusion rates less than 80 mL/h and KVO Pediatric and critical care IVs
10-52
IV Equipment MONITORING
Manually
Hang the bag hung 36 inches above patients heart Adjust flow rate using roller or screw clamps
Usually
adjusted in gtt/min
10-53
IV Equipment MONITORING
(cont )
Electronic devices
Rate controllers
Gravity
Pincher
maintains flow rate sounds when preset flow rate is not maintained
Alarm
10-54
IV Equipment MONITORING
(cont.)
Infusion
Apply
pumps
Sensor
/alarm
Improper
10-55
IV Equipment MONITORING
(cont.)
Syringe
pumps
is inserted into pump
medications
Syringe
Incompatible
10-56
IV Equipment MONITORING
(cont.)
Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) Device Patient controls medication within preset limits per physicians order
Records
Used
10-57
IV Equipment MONITORING
(cont.)
Volume
control sets
accuracy of
Improve
Manual
10-58
IV Therapy
10-59
Central IV Therapy
amounts of
fluids A rapid infusion of medication Infusion of highly concentrated solutions Long-term IV therapy
10-60
Central IV Therapy
Port-A-Cath
Surgically
placed under the skin for access to central vein Accessed through the skin For intermittent use
10-61
10-62
Infiltration
Needle
10-63
of the vein
Signs
/ Symptoms
at or near
Pain
10-64
10-65
Practice
Matching:
D Isotonic F Hypotonic
I Hypertonic
E Central line
H Phlebitis C Infiltration
A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I.
60 gtt/mL Patient controls medication Fluid infuses into tissues For normal electrolyte levels PICC For high electrolyte levels 15 gtt/min Inflammation of a vein For low electrolyte levels
10-66
Calculated from
Amount of fluid to be infused
10-67
Rule 10-5
or dimensional analysis
10-68
10-69
Microdrip tubing
10-70
the formula:
F = flow rate; mL/hr C = calibration factor of tubing; gtts/mL 60 = number of minutes in 1 hour
10-71
Find the flow rate in drops per minute that is equal to 35 mL/hour using 60 gtt/mL microdrop tubing.
f = 35 gtt/min
10-72
10-73
Check the guidelines at your facility before adjusting the flow rate.
10-74
10-75
f = 44 gtt/min
25% of original rate of 42 gtt/mL = 10.5 Rate can be adjusted up or down within a range of 32.5 to 52.5 gtt/min. Rate can be adjusted to 44 gtt/min.
10-76
Practice
Calculate flow rate then determine if an adjustment is necessary.
Adjustment cannot exceed 25%. Ordered: 250 mL NS over 2 hours (10 gtt/mL tubing) After 30 minutes 100 mL infused.
10-77
Practice
Answer
Original drop rate Adjusted rate
f = 21 gtt/min
f = 17 gtt/min
25% of 21 = 5.25 Adjustment range = 15.75 to 26.75 You may adjust this infusion.
10-78
Duration if fluid volume and flow rate is known Fluid volume if the duration and flow rate is known
10-79
V T F
Use this formula or dimensional analysis to find T, the infusion time in hours.
10-80
Ordered: 1000 mL NS to infuse at a rate of 75 mL/h T = 13.3 Total time to infuse the solution = 13 hours and 20 minutes
10-81
Find the total time to infuse. Ordered: 750 mL LR to infuse at a rate of 125 mL/hr started at 11 p.m.
T=6 The total time to infuse is 6 hours.
10-82
10-83
10-84
10-85
10-86
V = 5 h 35 mL/h
V = 175 mL 175 mL will infuse in 5 hours
10-87
12 hours if the infusion rate is 200 mL/h. V = 12 h 200 mL/h V = 2400 mL 2400 mL will infuse in 12 hours
10-88
Intermittent IV Infusions
10-89
Intermittent IV Infusions
SECONDARY LINES
Piggyback or IVPB
IV setup attaches to a primary line Infuse medications or other compatible fluids on an intermittent basis IVPB bags are smaller: 50, 100, or 150 mL
10-90
Intermittent IV Infusions
INTERMITTENT PERIPHERAL INFUSION DEVICES
Saline
An
or heparin locks
infusion port attached to an already inserted IV needle or catheter. direct injection of medication or infusion of IV medications.
Allow
10-91
Intermittent IV Infusions
INTERMITTENT PERIPHERAL INFUSION DEVICES (cont.)
Saline lock uses saline as the flush Heparin lock uses heparin, an anticoagulant, as the flush
10-92
Intermittent IV Infusions
(cont.)
10-93
Intermittent IV Infusions
(cont.)
Rule 10-11 When preparing medication for an intermittent IV infusion: Reconstitute the medication using the label and package insert.
Calculate amount to administer and the flow rate.
10-94
Intermittent IV Infusions
(cont.)
Example Ordered: Eloxatin 75 mg in 250 mL D5W IV piggyback over 90 minutes Reconstitute with 20 mL of water for injection. Dosage strength see label Calculate the amount to administer and the flow rate.
10-95
Intermittent IV Infusions
(cont.)
Example (cont.) Amount to administer Flow rate using 15 mL + 250 mL
A = 15 mL
F = 177 mL/h
10-96
Practice
Find total infusion time: Ordered: 650 mL 0.45 NS at 40 mL/h started at 0315 08/09/08 T = 16.25 hours Total infusion time = 16 hr 15 min When will this IV be completed?
7:30 p.m. 08/09/08
10-97
Practice
Find the volume to administer: Ordered: D5NS at 65 mL/hr for 8 hours V = 8 h x 65 mL/h V = 520 mL
10-98
10-99
10-100
Flushing a sluggish IV will not cause harm. Flushing may push a clot True / False into the circulatory system
causing an obstruction.
10-101
End