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Optical Multiplexing & Demultiplexing:
OPTICAL TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS
Phillip B. Oni (u96761) AUTO3160 OPTICS & SPECTROSCOPY

VAASA, Spring 2012.
Outline
Introduction
Multiplexing / Demultiplexing
Optical Multiplexing Components of Optical Mux/Demux Application Advantages Shortcomings/Future Work Conclusion References
Introduction
Optical transmission uses pulses of light to transmit information
from one place to another through an optical fiber. The light is converted to electromagnetic carrier wave, which is modulated to carry information as the light propagates from one end to another. The development of optical fiber has revolutionized the telecommunications industry. Optical fiber was first developed in the 1970s as a transmission medium. It has replaced other transmission media such as copper wire since inception, and its mainly used to wire core networks.
Today, optical fiber has been used to develop new high speed
communication systems that transmit information as light pulses, examples are multiplexers.
Multiplexing & Demultiplexing

Multiplexing What are Multiplexers?
Multiplexers are hardware components that combine multiple analog or digital input signals into a single line of transmission. And at the receivers end, the multiplexers are known as demultiplexers performing reverse function of multiplexers.
Multiplexing is therefore the process of combining two or more input signals into a single transmission. At receivers end, the combined signals are separated into distinct separate signal. Multiplexing enhances efficiency use of bandwidth.
Multiplexer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telephony_multiplexer_system.gif
Multiplexing Example
MATLAB simulation example: Sinusoidal Signal Sampled in time: 10
Amplitude--->
Triangular Signal 8
Amplitude--->
Quantization Digitization
5 0 -5 -10
6 4 2 0
10 20 30 Time---> Sampled Sinusoidal Signal
10 20 Time---> Sampled Triangular Signal
30
10
Amplitude---> Amplitude--->
8 6 4 2 0
5 0 -5 -10
10 20 Time--->
30
10 20 Time--->
30
Multiplexing Example
Multiplexed Signals Separation of signals Using time slots.
Recovered Sinusoidal Signal
TDM Signal 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8
Amplitude--->
5 0 -5 -10
15 20 Time---> Recovered Triangular Signal
10
25
30
8
Amplitude--->
6 4 2 0
Amplitude--->
10
10
20
10
15 Time--->
20
25
30
30 Time--->
40
50
60
Recovered Signal
Recovered Sinusoidal Signal 10
Amplitude--->
5 0 -5 -10
15 20 Time---> Recovered Triangular Signal
10
25
30
Amplitude--->
6 4 2 0
10
15 Time--->
20
25
30
Optical Multiplexing
Optical multiplexer and de-multiplexer are required
to multiplex and de-multiplex various wavelengths onto a single fiber link. Each specific I/O will be used for a single wavelength. One optical filter system can act as both multiplexer and de-multiplexer
Laser 1
Laser 2 Multiplexer Laser 3 Laser 4 Regenerator + Receiver Optical Fiber De-multiplexer
Optical Multiplexing
Optical multiplexer and de-multiplexer are basically
passive optical filter systems, which are arranged to process specific wavelengths in and out of the transport system (usually optical fiber). Process of filtering the wavelengths can be performed using:

Prisms Thin film filter Dichroic filters or interference filters
The filtering materials are used to selectively reflect a
single wavelength of light but pass all others transparently. Each filter is tuned for a specific wavelength
Optical Multiplexing and Filtering
Credit: [LYNX Technik Inc.www.lynx-technik.com]
Components of Optical Multiplexer

Combiner
Tap Coupler ADD/DROP

Filters Prisms Thin film Dichroic Splitter Optical fiber
Credit: [LYNX Technik Inc.www.lynx-technik.com]
Optical Multiplexing Techniques

There are different techniques in multiplexing light signals onto a
single optical fiber link. Optical Multiplexing Techniques

Optical Time Division Multiplexing (OTDM)

Separating wavelengths in time Each channel is assigned a unique carrier frequency Channel spacing of about 50GHz
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Uses a much narrower channel spacing, therefore, many more wavelengths are supported.
Code Division Multiplexing

Also used in microwave transmission. Spectrum of each wavelength is assigned a unique spreading code. Channels overlap both in time and frequency domains but the code guide each wavelength.
Applications
The major scarce resource in telecommunication is
bandwidth users want transmit at more high rate and service providers want to offer more services, hence, the need for a faster and more reliable high speed system. Reducing cost of hardware, one multiplexing system can be used to combine and transmit multiple signals from Location A to Location B. Each wavelength, , can carry multiple signals. Mux/De-Mux serve optical switching of signals in telecommunication and other field of signal processing and transmission. Future next generation internet.
Advantages
High data rate and throughput

Data rates possible in optical transmission are usually in Gbps on each wavelength. Combination of different wavelengths means more throughput in one single communication systems.
Low attenuation
Optical communication has low attenuation compare to other transport system.
Less propagation delay More services offered
Increase return on investment (ROI)

Low Bit Error Rate (BER)
Shortcomings
Fiber output loss + dispersion

Signal is attenuated by fiber loss and distorted by fiber dispersion Then regenerator are needed to recover the clean purposes
Inability of current Customer Premises Equipment
(CPEs) to receive at the same transmission rate of optical transmitting systems.
Achieving all-optical networks Optical signals are converted into electrical signal using photodetectors, switched and converted back to optical.
Optical-to-Electrical conversion overhead
Optical/electrical/optical conversions introduce unnecessary time delays and power loss. End-to-end optical transmission will be better.
Future Work
Research in optical end user equipment Mobile phones, PC, and other handheld devices receiving and transmitting at optical rate. Fast regeneration of attenuated signal Less distortion resulting from fiber dispersion. End-to-end optical components Eliminating the need for Optical-to-Electrical converter and vise versa.
Conclusion
Optical multiplexing is useful in signal processing
and transmission.

Transporting multiple signals using one single fiber link The growth of the internet requires fiber optic transmission to achieve greater throughput. Optical multiplexing is also useful in image processing and scanning application.
Optical transmission is better compare to other
transmission media because of its low attenuation and long distance transmission profile.
THANK YOU KIITOS
References
Russell Steve. (2010) The CWDM Fiber Primer LYNX Technik Inc. <www.lynx-
technik.com> 8/05/2012
Indumathi. T. S et al. (2009) "Evaluating Wavelength Routing Power of Dynamic
ROADM Networks (cat-I)" International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshop. New York. pg 799 832
Saleh Bahaa E. A., Malvin Carl Teich. (1991) Fundamentals of photonics. Wiley:
Watanabe, Shigeki. (2012) "All-Optical Data Frequency Multiplexing on Single-
Wavelength Carrier Light by Sequentially Provided Cross-Phase Modulation in Fiber." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Vol. 18, No. 2. Signals in 75-110-GHz Band." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 24, NO. 5
Deng Lei. et al. (2012) "Fiber Wireless Transmission of 8.3 Gb/s/ch QPSK-OFDM

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Optical Multiplexing & Demultiplexing:

OPTICAL TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS

Phillip B. Oni (u96761) AUTO3160 OPTICS & SPECTROSCOPY

Multiplexing & Demultiplexing

10 20 30 Time---> Sampled Sinusoidal Signal

10 20 Time---> Sampled Triangular Signal

15 20 Time---> Recovered Triangular Signal

15 20 Time---> Recovered Triangular Signal

Prisms Thin film filter Dichroic filters or interference filters

The filtering materials are used to selectively reflect a

Optical Multiplexing and Filtering

Credit: [LYNX Technik Inc.www.lynx-technik.com]

Components of Optical Multiplexer

Tap Coupler ADD/DROP

Optical Multiplexing Techniques

single optical fiber link. Optical Multiplexing Techniques

Optical Time Division Multiplexing (OTDM)

Code Division Multiplexing

Optical communication has low attenuation compare to other transport system.

Less propagation delay More services offered

Increase return on investment (ROI)

Inability of current Customer Premises Equipment

(CPEs) to receive at the same transmission rate of optical transmitting systems.

Optical-to-Electrical conversion overhead

Optical transmission is better compare to other

THANK YOU KIITOS

Indumathi. T. S et al. (2009) "Evaluating Wavelength Routing Power of Dynamic

Watanabe, Shigeki. (2012) "All-Optical Data Frequency Multiplexing on Single-

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