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    Lecture1-Signals & Systems

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    Waqas Akram Gondal
    (1) The document introduces concepts of signals and systems, including continuous and discrete representations. Mathematical models are used to represent how systems process input signals to produce output signals. (2) Examples of signals include voltages, sounds, and pixel intensities over time. Systems are introduced using examples like electrical circuits and communication systems. (3) MATLAB and Simulink tools are presented as a way to model systems and signals computationally. Properties of linear, time-invariant, and causal systems are discussed briefly.

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    Lecture1-Signals & Systems

    Uploaded by

    Waqas Akram Gondal
    136 views20 pages
    (1) The document introduces concepts of signals and systems, including continuous and discrete representations. Mathematical models are used to represent how systems process input signals to produce output signals. (2) Examples of signals include voltages, sounds, and pixel intensities over time. Systems are introduced using examples like electrical circuits and communication systems. (3) MATLAB and Simulink tools are presented as a way to model systems and signals computationally. Properties of linear, time-invariant, and causal systems are discussed briefly.

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    Signals and Systems

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    (1) The document introduces concepts of signals and systems, including continuous and discrete representations. Mathematical models are used to represent how systems process input signals to produce output signals. (2) Examples of signals include voltages, sounds, and pixel intensities over time. Systems are introduced using examples like electrical circuits and communication systems. (3) MATLAB and Simulink tools are presented as a way to model systems and signals computationally. Properties of linear, time-invariant, and causal systems are discussed briefly.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    136 views20 pages

    Lecture1-Signals & Systems

    Uploaded by

    Waqas Akram Gondal
    (1) The document introduces concepts of signals and systems, including continuous and discrete representations. Mathematical models are used to represent how systems process input signals to produce output signals. (2) Examples of signals include voltages, sounds, and pixel intensities over time. Systems are introduced using examples like electrical circuits and communication systems. (3) MATLAB and Simulink tools are presented as a way to model systems and signals computationally. Properties of linear, time-invariant, and causal systems are discussed briefly.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    Lecture 1: Signals & Systems Concepts

    (1) Systems, signals, mathematical models. Continuous-time and discrete-time signals and systems. Energy and power signals. Linear systems. Examples for use throughout the course, introduction to Matlab and Simulink tools Specific Objectives: Introduce, using examples, what is a signal and what is a system Why mathematical models are appropriate What are continuous-time and discrete-time representations and how are they related Brief introduction to Matlab and Simulink
    EE-2027 SaS, L1 1/20

    Recommended Reading Material


    Signals and Systems, Oppenheim & Willsky, Section 1 Signals and Systems, Haykin & Van Veen, Section 1 MIT Lecture 1 Mastering Matlab 6 Mastering Simulink 4 Many other introductory sources available. Some background reading at the start of the course will pay dividends when things get more difficult.

    EE-2027 SaS, L1

    2/20

    What is a Signal?
    A signal is a pattern of variation of some form Signals are variables that carry information Examples of signal include: Electrical signals
    Voltages and currents in a circuit

    Acoustic signals
    Acoustic pressure (sound) over time

    Mechanical signals
    Velocity of a car over time

    Video signals
    Intensity level of a pixel (camera, video) over time
    EE-2027 SaS, L1 3/20

    How is a Signal Represented?


    Mathematically, signals are represented as a function of one or more independent variables. For instance a black & white video signal intensity is dependent on x, y coordinates and time t f(x,y,t) On this course, we shall be exclusively concerned with signals that are a function of a single variable: time
    f(t)

    EE-2027 SaS, L1

    4/20

    Example: Signals in an Electrical Circuit


    R
    vs (t ) vc (t ) R dv (t ) i (t ) C c dt dvc (t ) 1 1 vc (t ) vs (t ) dt RC RC i (t )

    vs

    + -

    vc

    The signals vc and vs are patterns of variation over time Step (signal) vs at t=1 RC = 1 First order (exponential) response for vc
    t

    Note, we could also have considered the voltage across the resistor or the current as signals
    EE-2027 SaS, L1 5/20

    vs, vc

    Continuous & Discrete-Time Signals


    Continuous-Time Signals
    Most signals in the real world are continuous time, as the scale is infinitesimally fine. Eg voltage, velocity, Denote by x(t), where the time interval may be bounded (finite) or infinite
    x (t )

    Discrete-Time Signals
    Some real world and many digital signals are discrete time, as they are sampled E.g. pixels, daily stock price (anything that a digital computer processes) Denote by x[n], where n is an integer value that varies discretely

    x[n]

    Sampled continuous signal


    x[n] =x(nk) k is sample time
    EE-2027 SaS, L1 6/20

    Signal Properties
    On this course, we shall be particularly interested in signals with certain properties: Periodic signals: a signal is periodic if it repeats itself after a fixed period T, i.e. x(t) = x(t+T) for all t. A sin(t) signal is periodic. Even and odd signals: a signal is even if x(-t) = x(t) (i.e. it can be reflected in the axis at zero). A signal is odd if x(-t) = -x(t). Examples are cos(t) and sin(t) signals, respectively. Exponential and sinusoidal signals: a signal is (real) exponential if it can be represented as x(t) = Ceat. A signal is (complex) exponential if it can be represented in the same form but C and a are complex numbers. Step and pulse signals: A pulse signal is one which is nearly completely zero, apart from a short spike, d(t). A step signal is zero up to a certain time, and then a constant value after that time, u(t). These properties define a large class of tractable, useful signals and will be further considered in the coming lectures
    EE-2027 SaS, L1 7/20

    What is a System?
    Systems process input signals to produce output signals Examples:
    A circuit involving a capacitor can be viewed as a system that transforms the source voltage (signal) to the voltage (signal) across the capacitor A CD player takes the signal on the CD and transforms it into a signal sent to the loud speaker A communication system is generally composed of three sub-systems, the transmitter, the channel and the receiver. The channel typically attenuates and adds noise to the transmitted signal which must be processed by the receiver
    EE-2027 SaS, L1 8/20

    How is a System Represented?


    A system takes a signal as an input and transforms it into another signal Input signal x(t) Output signal y(t)

    System

    In a very broad sense, a system can be represented as the ratio of the output signal over the input signal
    That way, when we multiply the system by the input signal, we get the output signal This concept will be firmed up in the coming weeks
    EE-2027 SaS, L1 9/20

    Example: An Electrical Circuit System


    R
    vs (t ) vc (t ) R dv (t ) i (t ) C c dt dvc (t ) 1 1 vc (t ) vs (t ) dt RC RC i (t )

    vs

    + -

    vc

    Simulink representation of the electrical circuit

    vs(t)

    vc(t)

    first order system

    vs, vc

    EE-2027 SaS, L1

    10/20

    Continuous & Discrete-Time Mathematical Models of Systems


    Continuous-Time Systems
    Most continuous time systems represent how continuous signals are transformed via differential equations. E.g. circuit, car velocity

    dvc (t ) 1 1 vc (t ) vs (t ) dt RC RC m dv(t ) v(t ) f (t ) dt

    First order differential equations

    Discrete-Time Systems

    Most discrete time systems represent how discrete signals v[n] m v[n 1] f [ n] are transformed via difference m m equations dv(n) v(n) v((n 1)) E.g. bank account, discrete car velocity system dt First order difference equations
    EE-2027 SaS, L1 11/20

    y[n] 1.01y[n 1] x[n]

    Properties of a System
    On this course, we shall be particularly interested in signals with certain properties: Causal: a system is causal if the output at a time, only depends on input values up to that time. Linear: a system is linear if the output of the scaled sum of two input signals is the equivalent scaled sum of outputs Time-invariance: a system is time invariant if the systems output is the same, given the same input signal, regardless of time. These properties define a large class of tractable, useful systems and will be further considered in the coming lectures
    EE-2027 SaS, L1 12/20

    Introduction to Matlab/Simulink (1)


    Click on the Matlab icon/start menu initialises the Matlab environment: The main window is the dynamic command interpreter which allows the user to issue Matlab commands The variable browser shows which variables currently exist in the workspace
    EE-2027 SaS, L1 13/20

    Variable browser

    Command window

    Introduction to Matlab/Simulink (2)


    Type the following at the Matlab command prompt >> simulink The following Simulink library should appear

    EE-2027 SaS, L1

    14/20

    Introduction to Matlab/Simulink (3)


    Click File-New to create a new workspace, and drag and drop objects from the library onto the workspace.

    Selecting Simulation-Start from the pull down menu will run the dynamic simulation. Click on the blocks to view the data or alter the run-time parameters
    EE-2027 SaS, L1 15/20

    How Are Signal & Systems Related (i)?


    How to design a system to process a signal in particular ways?

    Design a system to restore or enhance a particular signal


    Remove high frequency background communication noise Enhance noisy images from spacecraft

    Assume a signal is represented as


    x(t) = d(t) + n(t)

    Design a system to remove the unknown noise component n(t), so that y(t) d(t) x(t) = d(t) + n(t) System ? y(t) d(t)

    EE-2027 SaS, L1

    16/20

    How Are Signal & Systems Related (ii)?


    How to design a system to extract specific pieces of information from signals
    Estimate the heart rate from an electrocardiogram Estimate economic indicators (bear, bull) from stock market values

    Assume a signal is represented as


    x(t) = g(d(t))

    Design a system to invert the transformation g(), so that y(t) = d(t) x(t) = g(d(t)) System ? y(t) = d(t) = g-1(x(t))

    EE-2027 SaS, L1

    17/20

    How Are Signal & Systems Related (iii)?


    How to design a (dynamic) system to modify or control the output of another (dynamic) system
    Control an aircrafts altitude, velocity, heading by adjusting throttle, rudder, ailerons Control the temperature of a building by adjusting the heating/cooling energy flow.

    Assume a signal is represented as


    x(t) = g(d(t))

    Design a system to invert the transformation g(), so that y(t) = d(t) x(t) dynamic system ? y(t) = d(t)

    EE-2027 SaS, L1

    18/20

    Lecture 1: Summary
    Signals and systems are pervasive in modern engineering courses:
    Electrical circuits Physical models and control systems Digital media (music, voice, photos, video)

    In studying the general properties of signals and systems, you can:


    Design systems to remove noise/enhance measurement from audio and picture/video data Investigate stability of physical structures Control the performance mechanical and electrical devices

    This will be the foundation for studying systems and signals as a generic subject on this course.
    EE-2027 SaS, L1 19/20

    Lecture 1: Exercises
    Read SaS OW, Chapter 1. This contains most of the material in the first three lectures, a bit of pre-reading will be extremely useful! SaS OW: Q1.1 Q1.2 Q1.4 Q1.5 Q1.6 In lecture 2, well be looking at signals in more depth and look at how they can be represented in Matlab/Simulink
    EE-2027 SaS, L1 20/20

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