MICROBIOLOGY

PAB 315 2 SKS

Isworo Rukmi, Dra. MKes. Endang Kusdiyantini, Dr. DEA Arina Tri Lunggani, Dra. MSi.
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MICROBIOLOGY
Chapter I.

Introduction:

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Concepts in Microbiology
1.

The study of organisms that are usually too small to be seen clearly with unaided eye.

Bacteria : 1000 x Yeast : 400 x Molds : 400 x

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2. Microorganisms are not spontaneously generated from inanimate matter, but arise from other microorganisms Bacteria : D:\Animasi & vIDEO MicroBauman\bacterial_division.mpg Fungi :

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3. Many diseases result from viral, bacterial, fungal or protozoan infections

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4. The development of microbiology as a scientific discipline depending of the availability of the microscope and the isolation technique and grow pure cultures of microorganisms.

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5. Microorganisms responsible for many of the changes observed in organic and inorganic matter (e.g. fermentation and the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles) occur in the nature

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6. Two fundamentals different cell types of m.o.: procaryotic (bacteria, cyanobacteria) and eucaryotic (yeast, fungi)

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7. Microorganisms distributed among several kingdoms.

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The Microorganisms :

Bacteria Fungi : Molds Fungi : Mushroom

Cyanobacteria blue green algae

Protozoa Virus swine flu & TMV

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8.

Microbiology is a large discipline and has great impact on other areas of biology and general human welfare.
D:\Animasi & vIDEO MicroBauman\VIDEO\BACT ERIA\bacteria_friend_and_f oe_2.mpeg

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9. Microbiollogy concerned with the roles of microorganisms in:

- causing disease - changing of organic and inorganic matters in the environment, and the product they generate

Fungal infection

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10. Central role in medicine, agriculture, industry and genetic engineering indicates that microbiology is a major field of study and that an understanding of this field is essential to our welfare.
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HISTORY & SCOPE

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Biological Sciences

Botany plants

Microbiology microorganisms

Zoology animals

Bacteriology bacteria

Mycology fungi

Phycology algae

Protozoology protozoa

Virology viruses

Disciplines within the field of microbiology based on taxonomic approach

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Biological Sciences

Botany

Microbiology

Zoology

Medical Microbiology

Industrial Microbiology Agricultural Microbiology

Food Microbiology

Microbial Ecology

Immunology

Molecular biology

Field of microbiologyFundamental studies based on functional approach. of Microbiology 2011 - Isworo

Rukmi 17

CELLULAR ORGANISMS
PROKARYOTES Monera or bacteria (bacteriology) UNICELLULLAR Protista or Protozoa (protozoology) and unicellular algae (algology or phycology)

EUKARYOTES

MULTICELLULAR

PHOTOSYNTHETIC Plantae or plants (botany)

ABSORPTIVE Fungi or fungi (mycology)

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INGESTIVE Animalia or animals (zoology)

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Willey et al. (2008)

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Willey et al. (2008)

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Willey et al. (2008)

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Tortora, et al. (2010)

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Tortora, et al. (2010)

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GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY Continue

Tortora, et al. (2010)

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Tortora, et al. (2010)

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Tortora, et al. (2010)

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The discovery of microorganisms:

Titus Lucretius Carus philosopher ( 98 - 55BC

&

Girolamo Fracastoro Physician (1478-1553)

suggested that disease was caused by invisible living creatures.

:

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Francesco Stelluti 1625 and 1630 Microscopic observations on bees and weevils using microscope supplied by Galileo.

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GENERATIO SPONTANEA (until the late of 1860s).

The

horse hair in stagnant water could give rise to snakes

rotting flesh would breed maggots

The

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A recipe of making mice by J.B. van Helmont (1577-1655)

If a dirty undergarment is squeezed into

the mouth of a vessel containing wheat, within a few days (say 21) a ferment drained from the garments and transformed by the smell of the grain, encrust the wheat itself with its own skin and turns into mice. And what is more remarkable, the mice from the grain and undergarments are neither weanling or suckling nor premature but they jump out fully formed.

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The Spontaneous Generation Conflict.

Francesco Redi (16261697) against GS maggot appeared from eggs. Biogenesis

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Anthony van Leeuwenhook (1632-1723)

renewed the controversy
simple microscope using double convex lenses (50-300 x magnifier). - observed an animalcules a small living things found in the hay (1676)

- First

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John Needham priest (1713-1781) supported GS : organic matter contained a vital force that could confer the properties of life of non-living matter.

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Lazzaro Spalanzani priest (1729-1799) against GS : Microorganisms did not arise spontaneously but came from contaminated air. The spontaneous generation theory argued that spontaneous generation of microorganisms required fresh air.
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Theodore Schwann (1810-1882) against GS :

Microorganisms in the air were killed the heating and this was why there was no growth in the infusion. The spontaneous generation theory argued that Schwann was destroying a vital force when he heated the air entering the flask.

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George Friedrich Schroeder & Theodor von Dusch against GS : germs on air can be removed by filtration using sterile cotton wool.

Schroeder

&

von Dusch

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Franz Schulze (1815-1873) against GS: air carried germs, removed by passing trough concentrate acid.

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Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) against GS - Method to keep solution sterile.

Air carried microorganisms. Spontaneous Generation was not true. Pasteurization method; heating on 62C

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John Tyndall physicist (1820-1893)

final blow to GS, dust is carry germs, if no dust, broth were remained sterile even if directly exposed to air. Tyndallization method for sterilization.
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Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1898)

the existence of heatresistant bacterial spore.

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The Recognition of the Microbial Role in Disease

Support for the germ theory of disease began to accumulate in the early 19th century.

Agostino Bassi (1773 1856) : silk warm disease was due to fungal infection, many diseases were due to microbial infections.

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MJ Berkeley (1835) : proved that potato Blight disease was caused by fungus.

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Joseph Lister surgeon (1827-1912) : developed a system of antiseptic surgery, to prevent infections by microorganisms (by using phenol solution

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Robert Koch physician (1843 1910):

established the relationship between Bacillus antracis and anthrax disease

Kochs postulate
The microorganisms must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy organisms. The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture. The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism inoculated into a healthy host. The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host.
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Alexander Flemming (1928) the discovery of

penicillin

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 Luc Montagnier (1983) discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which has been identified as the cause of AIDS. This discovery led directly to the development of a test for detecting the presence of HIV in blood samples.
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SCOPE
MICROORGANISMS - Medicine - Agriculture : pathogen, antibiotics : biopesticide, biofungiside, biofertilizer - Food science : fermented foods, foodborne infection - Ecology : bioremediation - Genetics : genetic engineering - Biochemistry : study of metabolism processes - Industrial : SCP, pigment, enzymes, food color, etc.

Found almost everywhere

Affect human society in countless ways

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References
Cowan,M.K. & K.P. Talaro. 2006. Microbiology A System Approach. 2nd Ed. McGrawHill. Boston 2. Hogg, S. 2005. Essential Microbiology. John Willey & Son. Sussex. England. (ebook) Ingraham, J.L. & C.A. Ingraham . 2004. Introduction to Microbiology: A case history Approach. 3rd Ed. Thomsom. Australia J.M. Wiley, L.M. Sherwood & C.J. Woolverton. 2008. Prescott, Harley, and Kleins Microbiology. 7th Ed. McGraw-Hill Int. Toronto Madigan,M., J. Martinko, D. Stahl & D. Clark. 2012. Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 13th Ed. Pearson. Boston (ebook) Nester,E.W., D.G. Anderson, C.E. Roberts,Jr. & M.T. Nester. 2007. Microbiology: A Human Pespective. 5th Ed. McGraw-Hill. Boston Tortora, G.J., B.R. Funke & C.L. Case. 2010. Microbiology: an Introduction. 10th Ed. Benyamin Cummings. Boston

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