Securing Information Systems
Securing Information Systems
Securing Information Systems
Lecture 11 (Chapter 8)
SECURING INFORMATION SYSTEMS
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1. Imtech ICT Busiless Solutions (1.38) ; 2. Top 5 Web Security Issues (3.42)
Learning Objectives
What are the components of an organizational framework for security and control?
What are the most important tools and technologies for safeguarding information resources?
Security:
Policies, procedures and technical measures used to prevent unauthorized access, alteration, theft, or physical damage to information systems
Controls:
Methods, policies, and organizational procedures that ensure safety of organizations assets; accuracy and reliability of its accounting records; and operational adherence to management standards
FIGURE 8-1
The architecture of a Web-based application typically includes a Web client, a server, and corporate information systems linked to databases. Each of these components presents security challenges and vulnerabilities. Floods, fires, power failures, and other electrical problems can cause disruptions at any point in the network.
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Internet vulnerabilities
Network open to anyone Size of Internet means abuses can have wide impact Use of fixed Internet addresses with cable or DSL modems creates fixed targets hackers Unencrypted VOIP E-mail, P2P, IM
Interception Attachments with malicious software Transmitting trade secrets
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The service set identifiers (SSIDs) identifying the access points in a Wi-Fi network are broadcast multiple times (as illustrated by the orange sphere) and can be picked up fairly easily by intruders sniffer programs.
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Worms
Independent computer programs that copy themselves from one computer to other computers over a network.
Trojan horses
Software program that appears to be benign but then does something other than expected.
Note: Web 2.0 applications like MySpace and blogs are new conduits for malware and spyware.
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Malware (cont.)
SQL injection attacks (largest malware threat)
These attacks enable hackers access to underlying databases that support Web applications, such as sales of products and services, e-commerce financial data, and other classified information.
Spyware
Small programs install themselves surreptitiously on computers to monitor user Web surfing activity and serve up advertising
Key loggers
Record every keystroke on computer to steal serial numbers, passwords, launch Internet attacks
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Spoofing
Misrepresenting oneself by using fake e-mail addresses or masquerading as someone else Redirecting Web link to address different from intended one, with site masquerading as intended destination
Sniffer
Eavesdropping program that monitors information traveling over network Enables hackers to steal proprietary information such as e-mail, company files, etc.
Note: There are legitimate uses of sniffing sniffers can help identify (I) network trouble spots or spot criminal activity on a network, (II) copyrighted data being sent over networks, such as pirated music or video files.
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Activity: Check out Mariposa botnet, the largest botnet attack in 2010.
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Computer crime
Defined as any violations of criminal law that involve a knowledge of computer technology for their perpetration, investigation, or prosecution Computer may be target of crime, e.g.:
Breaching confidentiality of protected computerized data Accessing a computer system without authority
Identity theft
Theft of personal Information (social security id, drivers license or credit card numbers) to impersonate someone else
Phishing
Setting up fake Web sites or sending e-mail messages that look like legitimate businesses to ask users for confidential personal data.
Evil twins
Wireless networks that pretend to offer trustworthy Wi-Fi connections to the Internet
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Pharming
Redirects users to a bogus Web page, even when individual types correct Web page address into his or her browser
Click fraud
Occurs when individual or computer program fraudulently clicks on online ad without any intention of learning more about the advertiser or making a purchase
Social engineering:
Tricking employees into revealing their passwords by pretending to be legitimate members of the company in need of information Note: Some financial institutions assign users a new password every day, or every hour!
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Software vulnerability
Commercial software contains flaws that create security vulnerabilities
Hidden bugs (program code defects)
Zero defects cannot be achieved because complete testing is not possible with large programs
Patches
Vendors release small pieces of software to repair flaws However exploits often created faster than patches be released and implemented E.g. Microsoft releases Service Pack 1 for Vista to enhance security.
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Failed computer systems can lead to significant or total loss of business function
Firms now more vulnerable than ever
Confidential personal and financial data Trade secrets, new products, strategies
A security breach may cut into firms market value almost immediately Inadequate security and controls also bring forth issues of liability
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Electronic evidence
Evidence for white collar crimes often in digital form
Data on computers, e-mail, instant messages, ecommerce transactions
Proper control of data can save time and money when responding to legal discovery request
Computer forensics:
Scientific collection, examination, authentication, preservation, and analysis of data from computer storage media for use as evidence in court of law Includes recovery of ambient and hidden data
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General controls
Govern design, security, and use of computer programs and security of data files in general throughout organizations information technology infrastructure. Apply to all computerized applications Combination of hardware, software, and manual procedures to create overall control environment
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Note: Framework for Security includes IS controls, understanding of IS risks, and security policies.
1. Best Antivirus 2012 (3.44) ; 2. ABC News Smartphone (2.18)
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Application controls
Specific controls unique to each computerized application, such as payroll or order processing Include both automated and manual procedures Ensure that only authorized data are completely and accurately processed by that application Include:
Input controls Processing controls Output controls
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Risk assessment: Determines level of risk to firm if specific activity or process is not properly controlled
Types of threat Probability of occurrence during year Potential losses, value of threat Expected annual loss
EXPOSURE Power failure PROBABILITY 30% LOSS RANGE (AVG) $5K - $200K ($102,500) $1K - $50K ($25,500) $200 - $40K ($20,100) EXPECTED ANNUAL LOSS $30,750 $1,275 $19,698
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98%
Identity management
Business processes and tools to identify valid users of system and control access
Identifies and authorizes different categories of users Specifies which portion of system users can access Authenticating users and protects identities
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MIS audit
Examines firms overall security environment as well as controls governing individual information systems Reviews technologies, procedures, documentation, training, and personnel. May even simulate disaster to test response of technology, IS staff, other employees. Lists and ranks all control weaknesses and estimates probability of their occurrence. Assesses financial and organizational impact of each threat
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Authentication
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Password systems Tokens Smart cards Biometric authentication (can you give some examples?)
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Firewall:
Combination of hardware and software that prevents unauthorized users from accessing private networks
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FIGURE 8-5
The firewall is placed between the firms private network and the public Internet or another distrusted network to protect against unauthorized traffic.
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Encryption:
Transforming text or data into cipher text that cannot be read by unintended recipients Two methods for encryption on networks Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and successor Transport Layer Security (TLS) Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (SHTTP)
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FIGURE 8-6
A public key encryption system can be viewed as a series of public and private keys that lock data when they are transmitted and unlock the data when they are received. The sender locates the recipients public key in a directory and uses it to encrypt a message. The message is sent in encrypted form over the Internet or a private network. When the encrypted message arrives, the recipient uses his or her private key to decrypt the data and read the message.
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Digital certificate:
Data file used to establish the identity of users and electronic assets for protection of online transactions Uses a trusted third party, certification authority (CA), to validate a users identity CA verifies users identity, stores information in CA server, which generates encrypted digital certificate containing owner ID information and copy of owners public key
DIGITAL CERTIFICATES
Digital certificates help establish the identity of people or electronic assets. They protect online transactions by providing secure, encrypted, online communication.
FIGURE 8-7
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High-availability computing
Helps recover quickly from crash Minimizes, does not eliminate downtime E.g backup servers, high capacity storage, good disaster recovery, and business continuity plans.
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Recovery-oriented computing
Designing systems that recover quickly with capabilities to help operators pinpoint and correct of faults in multi-component systems
Security outsourcing
Managed security service providers (MSSPs)
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Early and regular testing Walkthrough: Review of specification or design document by small group of qualified people Debugging: Process by which errors are eliminated
1. Yokogawa IA System Security Solutions (14.43)
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