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    COPD

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    burjay
    COPD is a chronic lung disease characterized by obstruction of airflow in the lungs. The two main conditions that make up COPD are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Emphysema damages the air sacs in the lungs, while chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the airways. COPD is usually caused by smoking or long-term exposure to lung irritants and diagnosed through pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on reducing symptoms through bronchodilators and corticosteroids, as well as managing risk factors like smoking.

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    COPD

    Uploaded by

    burjay
    1K views26 pages
    COPD is a chronic lung disease characterized by obstruction of airflow in the lungs. The two main conditions that make up COPD are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Emphysema damages the air sacs in the lungs, while chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the airways. COPD is usually caused by smoking or long-term exposure to lung irritants and diagnosed through pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on reducing symptoms through bronchodilators and corticosteroids, as well as managing risk factors like smoking.

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    COPD is a chronic lung disease characterized by obstruction of airflow in the lungs. The two main conditions that make up COPD are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Emphysema damages the air sacs in the lungs, while chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the airways. COPD is usually caused by smoking or long-term exposure to lung irritants and diagnosed through pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on reducing symptoms through bronchodilators and corticosteroids, as well as managing risk factors like smoking.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    1K views26 pages

    COPD

    Uploaded by

    burjay
    COPD is a chronic lung disease characterized by obstruction of airflow in the lungs. The two main conditions that make up COPD are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Emphysema damages the air sacs in the lungs, while chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the airways. COPD is usually caused by smoking or long-term exposure to lung irritants and diagnosed through pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on reducing symptoms through bronchodilators and corticosteroids, as well as managing risk factors like smoking.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    C

    OPD
    Chronic
    Obstructive
    Pulmonary
    COPD is also known
    as
     chronic obstructive lung disease
    (COLD),
     chronic obstructive airway
    disease (COAD),
     chronic airflow limitation (CAL)
    and
     chronic obstructive respiratory
    1.Emphysema
    2.Chronic
    Bronchitis
    Emphysema

    Emphysema is characterized
    by loss of elasticity (increased
    pulmonary compliance) of the lung
    tissue caused by destruction of
    structures feeding the alveoli.
    Pathophysiology
    Smoking/Pollutants

    Attraction of inflammation cells

    Release of
    elastase
    inhibition of alpha 1- inherited alpha 1-antitrypsin
    antitrypsin deficiency

    destruction of elastic
    fibers

    Emphysema
    Chronic Bronchitis
    Chronic bronchitis is a
    chronic inflammation of the bronchi
    (medium-size airways) in the lungs.
    It is generally considered one of the
    two forms of (COPD).It is defined
    clinically as a persistent cough that
    produces sputum (phlegm) and
    mucus, for at least three months in
    two consecutive years.
    Pathophysiology
    smoking/polluti
    on

    continued irritation of lung


    passages

    inflammati excessive mucus


    on production

    narrowing of the
    bronchi

    Chronic
    Bronchitis
    Normal
    cell

    hypertrop
    hy

    hyperplas
    ia
    Common Signs and Symptoms
    · tachypnea, a rapid breathing rate

    · wheezing sounds or crackles in the lungs heard


    through a stethoscope

    · breathing out taking a longer time than breathing


    in

    · enlargement of the chest, particularly the front-to-


    back distance (hyperinflation)

    · active use of muscles in the neck to help with


    breathing
    · breathing through pursed lips

    · increased anteroposterior to lateral ratio of the


    How COPD is Diagnosed
    COPD usually is first diagnosed on
    the basis of a medical history which
    discloses many of the symptoms of
    COPD and a physical examination
    which discloses signs of COPD.
    Other tests to diagnose COPD
    include chest x-ray, computerized
    tomography (CT or CAT scan) of the
    chest, tests of lung function
    (pulmonary function tests) and the
    measurement of oxygen and carbon
    dioxide levels in the blood.
    The diagnosis of COPD should be
    considered in anyone who has
    dyspnea, chronic cough or sputum
    production, and/or a history of
    exposure to risk factors for the
    disease such as regular tobacco
    smoking. No single symptom or sign
    can adequately confirm or exclude
    the diagnosis of COPD although
    COPD is uncommon under the age
    of 40 years.
    Common Diagnostic
    Procedure
    Spirometry
    The diagnosis of COPD is confirmed by spirometry, a
    test that measures breathing. Spirometry measures the forced
    expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) which is the greatest
    volume of air that can be breathed out in the first second of a
    large breath. Spirometry also measures the forced vital capacity
    (FVC) which is the greatest volume of air that can be breathed
    out in a whole large breath. Normally at least 70% of the FVC
    comes out in the first second (i.e. the FEV1/FVC ratio is >70%). In
    COPD, this ratio is less than normal, (i.e. FEV1/FVC ratio is
    <70%) even after a bronchodilator medication has been given.

    Spirometry can help to determine the severity of COPD.


    The FEV1 (measured post-bronchodilator) is expressed as a
    percent of a predicted "normal" value based on a person's age,
    gender, height and weight:
    Other tests
    An x-ray of the chest may show an over-expanded
    lung (hyperinflation) and can be useful to help exclude
    other lung diseases.
    Complete pulmonary function tests with measurements
    of lung volumes and gas transfer may also show
    hyperinflation and can discriminate between COPD
    with emphysema and COPD without emphysema.
    A high-resolution computed tomography scan of the
    chest may show the distribution of emphysema
    throughout the lungs and can also be useful to
    exclude other lung diseases.
    A blood sample taken from an artery can be tested for
    blood gas levels which may show low oxygen levels
    (hypoxemia) and/or high carbon dioxide levels
    (respiratory acidosis). A blood sample taken from a
    vein may show a high blood count (reactive
    polycyctemia), a reaction to long-term hypoxemia.
    COPD

    MANAGEMENT
    Risk Factor Reduction
     Don't smoke.
     Don't allow others to smoke in your
    home.
     Stay away from or reduce your time
    around things that irritate your nose,
    throat, and lungs, such as dust or pets.
     If you catch a cold, get plenty of rest.
     Take your medicine exactly the way your
    doctor instructs you.
     Eat a healthy diet.
     Wash your hands often.
     Do not share food, cups, glasses, or
    eating utensils.
    Pharmacotherapy in COPD
    COPD severity

    Mild……….……..Ø SABD1 prn

    Ø Tiotropium or LABA2 + SABD prn

    Moderate………….Ø Tiotropium + LABA + SABA3 prn

    Ø Tiotropium + LABA (+ theophylline) + SABA prn


    Dyspnea
    &
    disability
    Severe……..……Ø Tiotropium + LABA/ICS4 + theophylline + SABA prn
    1. SABD : Short-acting bronchodilator (beta2-agonist or anticholinergic)
    2. LABA : Long-acting beta2-agonist (e.g. formoterol or salmeterol)
    3. SABA : Short-acting beta2-agonist (e.g. salbutamol)
    4. LABA/ICS : Long-acting beta2-agonist combined with inhaled
    corticosteroid in one preparation
    Bronchodilators

     Bronchodilators are medicines that relax


    smooth muscle around the airways,
    increasing the calibre of the airways and
    improving air flow.
    β2 agonists
     β2 agonists stimulate β2 receptors on
    airway smooth muscles, causing them to
    relax.
    Anticholinergic
     Anticholinergic drugs cause airway
    smooth muscles to relax by blocking
    stimulation from cholinergic nerves
    Corticosteroids
     Corticosteroids act to reduce the
    inflammation in the airways, in theory
    reducing lung damage and airway
    narrowing caused by inflammation.
    Unlike bronchodilators, they do not act
    directly on the airway smooth muscle and
    do not provide immediate relief of
    symptoms.
    Thank you!
    Geronimo C. Burce BSN, RN

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