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    Aggression: Personality Development and Social Relations

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    Reina
    1. Aggression can be physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone and can be instinctual or learned. 2. There are two main types of aggression - hostile aggression which is intended to harm a victim out of anger, and instrumental aggression which is intended to harm as a means to gain privileges or objects rather than due to anger. 3. Theories of what causes human aggression include instinct theories that propose it is innate behavior and learning theories that argue aggression is a response to frustration or is learned through observation or experience of aggression.

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    Aggression: Personality Development and Social Relations

    Uploaded by

    Reina
    179 views24 pages
    1. Aggression can be physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone and can be instinctual or learned. 2. There are two main types of aggression - hostile aggression which is intended to harm a victim out of anger, and instrumental aggression which is intended to harm as a means to gain privileges or objects rather than due to anger. 3. Theories of what causes human aggression include instinct theories that propose it is innate behavior and learning theories that argue aggression is a response to frustration or is learned through observation or experience of aggression.

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    Aggression

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    1. Aggression can be physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone and can be instinctual or learned. 2. There are two main types of aggression - hostile aggression which is intended to harm a victim out of anger, and instrumental aggression which is intended to harm as a means to gain privileges or objects rather than due to anger. 3. Theories of what causes human aggression include instinct theories that propose it is innate behavior and learning theories that argue aggression is a response to frustration or is learned through observation or experience of aggression.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    179 views24 pages

    Aggression: Personality Development and Social Relations

    Uploaded by

    Reina
    1. Aggression can be physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone and can be instinctual or learned. 2. There are two main types of aggression - hostile aggression which is intended to harm a victim out of anger, and instrumental aggression which is intended to harm as a means to gain privileges or objects rather than due to anger. 3. Theories of what causes human aggression include instinct theories that propose it is innate behavior and learning theories that argue aggression is a response to frustration or is learned through observation or experience of aggression.

    Copyright:

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 24

    Aggression

    Personality development and social relations

    Aggression
    Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

    Instinct
    Innate Freud: thanatos - inborn selfdestructive characteristics; hydraulic view: aggressive energy builds up and discharged through destructive behavior Lorenz: fighting instinct triggered by certain eliciting cues in the environment

    Behavioral concept
    Goal-driven behavior Buss: a response that delivers noxious stimuli to another organism Any form of behavior designed to harm or injure another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment

    Aggression
    Hostile aggression
    Aggressive acts for

    Instrumental aggression
    Aggressive acts for

    which the perpetrators major role is to harm or injure a victim Aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself

    which the perpetrators major goal is to gain access to objects, space or privileges Aggression that is a means to an end

    Aggression
    Hostile aggression
    Intent to harm Goal to harm Anger

    Instrumental aggression
    Intent to harm Goal to gain privileges No anger

    What makes human beings aggressive?


    Theories of Aggression

    Instinct theories
    Aggression is an innate, unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species
    Freuds thanatos: seeks to end life and

    underlies all acts of violence and destruction


    Can be discharged in a socially acceptable

    fashion though vigorous work or play or less desirable activities such as insulting others, fighting or destroying property

    Instinct theories
    Lorenz: humans and animals have a basic

    fighting instinct that is directed against members of the same species


    Aggressive urges continue to build until relieved

    by an appropriate releasing stimulus, ensuring the survival of the individual and the species

    Empathy: the ability to experience vicariously the same emotions that someone else is experiencing

    Learning theories
    Is aggression a response to frustration? Frustration: the blocking of goal-directed behavior Frustration/Aggression hypothesis: frustration

    triggers aggression and that all aggressive acts can be traced to frustrations (Dollard and colleagues)

    Direct

    Outward aggression Instigation to aggress Inward aggression Other additional responses Displaced
    Redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of frustration

    Frustration

    Learning theories
    Frustration merely makes us angry and creates

    only a readiness for aggressive acts


    Aggressive cues hypothesis: exposure to any

    object or event previously associated with aggression will serve a cuing function and increase the likelihood of aggressive exchanges among young children

    Instigating stimuli Frustration

    Extremely high readiness

    Attack

    Readiness to aggress (anger)

    Aggressiv e cues

    Aggressiv e response

    Existing aggressive habits

    Learning theories
    Banduras social

    learning theory: aggressive responses are acquired through: 1. observational learning 2. direct experience

    Children attend to and retain in memory the aggressive responses they see others commit

    Children who were reinforced for aggressive behavior

    Influences on aggression

    Aversive Incidents
    Pain
    Azrins experiment with rats: the greater the shock

    the more violent the attack Frustration: psychological pain


    Heat
    Plus offensive odors, cigarette smoke and air

    pollution

    Aversive Incidents
    Attacks
    Being attacked or insulted

    Crowding
    A subjective feeling of not having enough space per

    person

    Arousal
    A given state of bodily arousal feeds one emotion

    or another, depending on how the person interprets and labels the arousal
    Being physically stirred up intensifies about any

    emotion

    Aversive situation Pain or discomfort Frustration Attack or insult crowding

    Hostile thoughts and memories

    Angry feeling

    Arousal

    Aggressive Reactions

    Other influences
    Sight of a weapon
    Fire arms Knives Blunt objects

    Media influences
    Breeds a modest increase in aggressive behavior,

    especially in people who are provoked Desensitizes viewers to aggression and alters their perceptions of reality

    Controlling aggression

    Catharsis: emotional release


    Catharsis hypothesis: the notion that aggressive

    urges are reduced when people witness or commit real or symbolic acts of aggression Cathartic technique: a strategy for reducing aggression by encouraging children to vent their anger or frustration on inanimate objects

    Creating nonaggressive environments Eliminating the payoffs for aggression: identifying

    and eliminating reinforcing consequences by encouraging alternative means of achieving ones objectives

    Thank you!

    References:
    Myers, D. (2002). Social psychology (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
    Shaffer, D. (2005). Social and personality development (5th ed.). CA: Wadsworth.

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