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    Sentential Connectives

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    muhammad
    This document discusses logical expressions and operations in propositional logic. It introduces five logical connectives: conjunction performed by 'and', disjunction by 'or', implication by 'if...then', equivalence by 'if and only if', and negation by 'not'. These connectives combine simple propositions into complex ones. The document then focuses on conjunction, disjunction, and implication, explaining their meanings and representing them with logical symbols. Truth tables are provided to illustrate how the truth values of complex propositions are determined from those of the constituent simple propositions and their connecting logical operator.

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    Sentential Connectives

    Uploaded by

    muhammad
    509 views10 pages
    This document discusses logical expressions and operations in propositional logic. It introduces five logical connectives: conjunction performed by 'and', disjunction by 'or', implication by 'if...then', equivalence by 'if and only if', and negation by 'not'. These connectives combine simple propositions into complex ones. The document then focuses on conjunction, disjunction, and implication, explaining their meanings and representing them with logical symbols. Truth tables are provided to illustrate how the truth values of complex propositions are determined from those of the constituent simple propositions and their connecting logical operator.

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    This document discusses logical expressions and operations in propositional logic. It introduces five logical connectives: conjunction performed by 'and', disjunction by 'or', implication by 'if...then', equivalence by 'if and only if', and negation by 'not'. These connectives combine simple propositions into complex ones. The document then focuses on conjunction, disjunction, and implication, explaining their meanings and representing them with logical symbols. Truth tables are provided to illustrate how the truth values of complex propositions are determined from those of the constituent simple propositions and their connecting logical operator.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    509 views10 pages

    Sentential Connectives

    Uploaded by

    muhammad
    This document discusses logical expressions and operations in propositional logic. It introduces five logical connectives: conjunction performed by 'and', disjunction by 'or', implication by 'if...then', equivalence by 'if and only if', and negation by 'not'. These connectives combine simple propositions into complex ones. The document then focuses on conjunction, disjunction, and implication, explaining their meanings and representing them with logical symbols. Truth tables are provided to illustrate how the truth values of complex propositions are determined from those of the constituent simple propositions and their connecting logical operator.

    Copyright:

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    In this paper we are going to deal with some

    expressions in logic. These expressions have a constant


    meaning and they perform logical operations. These
    ;operations are
    'A-Conjunction performed by 'and
    'B-Disjunction performed by 'or
    'C-Implication performed by 'if…then
    'D-Equivalence performed by 'if and only if
    'E-negation performed by 'not
    These expressions are called ''logical connectives
    We are going to discuss 'propositional logic' the
    relations between simple sentences joined by any of
    these connectors , to find out how the truth value of a
    complex proposition is determined by the truth values
    of its simple propositions and the connective joining
    them; . This can be illustrated as follows
    Simple sentence + Simple sentence →↓→ Complex
    }sentence }proposition
    ↓
    Connective
    *}These relations go in the field of } propositional logic
    There are many other connectives in natural languages-2
    such as 'but',;so', 'therefore','because',since',after
    .'all',moreover','before','as','even though
    Linguists are less interested in natural connectives for
    .two reasons
    linguists are more interested in finding a perfect )1
    .artificial language to master the rules of inference
    These connectives do not carry a concept, thus cannot )2
    be translated into symbols of propositional logic
    .Ex. Tom is very handsome. After all he is rich, too
    From among the connectives in propositional logic,
    we are focused on three. The following are the
    connectives and how they are represented by
    . symbols

    The relation the connective the symbol


    A .conjunction and
    B. disjunction or
    C .implication if…then

    These connectives are "truth functional", that is,


    .they have constant meaning in logic
    Truth table
    The truth table of p AND q )also written as p ∧ q or p & q in
    logic, p && q in many programming languages, or pq in
    electronics):
    q p&q
    p
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction T T T
    T F F
    )Examples: )1) is true only if both )1a F T F

    And )1b) are true F F F

    )Bill got up and went school )p &q )1)


    )1a) Bill got up. )p)
    )1b) Bill went to school )q)
    .and) can have a variety of meanings)
    :Consider these examples
    )Ambiguity) )1)
    Tom and peter own a car. )Do they have one car or
    ) each one has his own car
    )"and means" and then ") They Order of events )2)
    .got married and had a baby
    and=conditional truth)3)
    If they got married and a baby their parents would
    be pleased, put if they had a baby and got married ,
    their parents would be upset
    .and= causal relation )4)
    I dropped the camera and it broke
    The implication is false only if the antecedent is true
    .and the consequent is false
    In other cases it is true. See truth table

    )p, q)
    p q

    F F T
    F T T
    T F F
    T T T
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_implication
    Implication is expressed by "if", "if….then", "provided",
    "whenever" or "unless" Implication is also known as a
    "conditional " .

    . *If it is raining ,then it will be wet for example:*


    we rarely use implication in English, instead we use the strong*
    .corditional

    If you mow the lawn ,I'll give you five dollas con ditionals are wed*
    for a rariety of purposes such as epistemic conditionals and speech act
    : conditionals
    If she is divorced, she s been married )1)
    . John has left , if you haven't heard )2)
    . they can also be used for stylistic reasons )3)
    Equivalenceor biconditional is normally expressed by )If
    .)and only if – exactly when – only when –only if

    Example: Jane is at the party if and only if Matthew is at


    .the party
    In English )if) can be difficult to distinguish from )if and
    only if) for example: the sentence )1) strongly suggest the
    :if and only if interpretation. For example
    .I will help you if you are too busy to do it yourself )1)
    p q (p↔q)
    T T T
    T F F
    F T F
    F F T

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