Byzantine

ARCHITECTURE
PREPARED BY: GARCIA, A., OCNAT, D., TUGUINAY, E.

Byzantine
ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE The architecture of the eastern sphere of the later Roman Empire, developing from the Roman and Early Christian antecedents in the 5th century. GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCES Byzantium renamed Constantinople after its Imperial founder also called " New Rome," Now called Istanbul, in modern day Turkey RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES Christianity state religion of the Roman Empire (B.C. 323)

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCES local materials such as clay for bricks and rubble for concrete marble Brick and plaster used in addition to stone in the decoration of important public structures. HISTORICAL INFLUENCES Founded about B.C. 750 A.D. 324 became the capital of the Roman Empire death of the Emperor Theodosius I (A.D. 395) empire was finally divided Eastern and Western Empire

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCES

Characterized by: Masonry construction Round arches Shallow domes carried on pendentives Extensive use of rich frescoes Colored glass mosaics Marble revetments to cover whole interiors

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

Byzantine
ARCHITECTURE CHARACTERISTICS

PLAN TYPE OF BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE 1. Basilican type of plan centralized type of planning

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

PLAN TYPE OF BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE 2. Round alternative form

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

PLAN TYPE OF BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE 2. Lobed alternative form

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

PENDENTIVE DOMES

Sail Vault A spherical dome formed by removing four segments so that it merges with its pendentives and sits on a square plan.

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

PENDENTIVE DOMES Parts of a pendentive dome a. Semi dome- half a dome formed by a vertical section as over a semicircular apse. a.1. cul- de- four- a semidome or quarter sphere vault as over an apse or niche. b. Pendentive- Spherical triangle forming the transition from the circular plans of a dome to the polygonal plan of its supporting structure. c. Lunette- an area in the plane of a wall framed by an arch or vault containing a window, painting or sculpture.

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

PENDENTIVE DOMES

Parts of a pendentive dome

d. Squinch- an arch or corbelling built across the upper inside corner of a square tower to support the side of a superimposed octagonal structure.

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

BUILDING DOMES

a. a.

Simple dome -pendentives and domes are part of the same sphere Compound dome - dome is not part f the same sphere as the pendentives and domes rise independently around them. - dome is raised on a high drum pierced with windows.

c. Special types c.1. Melon dome c.2. Serrated dome c.3. Onion or Bulbous dome

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

BUILDING ORNAMENTS 1. Mosaic - a picture or a decorative pattern made by inlaying small, usually colored pieces of tile, enamel or glass in mortar.

S. Vitale - Ravenna

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

BUILDING ORNAMENTS 2. Fresco - term originally applied to painting on a wall while the plaster is wet, but is often used for any wall painting not in oil colors

S. Vitale Ravenna

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

BUILDING ORNAMENTS 3. Capitals a. Bird and Basket Capital

b. Cushion capital

St. Sophia

St. Vitale

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

BUILDING ORNAMENTS 3. Capitals Acheiropoietos Salonica

Wind swept acanthus

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

Byzantine
ARCHITECTURE EXAMPLES

S. Apollinare In Classe Ravenna The exterior similarly reveals the basilica style, though this is a building less grand and imposing than the Basilica of Constantine in Rome.

The characteristic nave, side aisles, apse and clerestory windows are all clearly evident.

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

Sta. Constanza Rome Sta. Constanza in Rome (350 AD), the mausoleum for Constantines daughter, provided a model for Christian architects who sought to use the more perfect form of the circle in their designs, without the massive drum of the Pantheon.

Curiously, the idea originated in Roman bath houses.

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

S. Vitale Ravenna Circular, central plan churches were very difficult to build.

Octagons supporting domes became a popular and simpler to construct alternative.

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

S. Vitale Ravenna Note how a series of large supporting piers rises to support the dome.
Around the central space run side aisles, beyond the flanking pillars, which gives additional space in a similar fashion to that of a basilica design. The austere brick exterior belied an incredibly ornate interior of veined marble and intricate mosaics.

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

Byzantine
ARCHITECTURE CONVERTION OF HAGIA SOPHIA

Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia Church >Muslim Mosque (1453 1935) > Museum (1935-present) History: Muhammad had prophesied that the first Muslim to pray in Hagia Sophia would go to paradise. Since then, it was a great ambition for Muslim leaders to get Hagia Sophia. On 29 May 1453, The Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Mehmet II, conquered Constantinople after a 54 day siege. He converted the church as a mosque.
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

Architects: Anthemius of Tralles Isodorus of Miletus This 1852 lithography clearly shows two of the great pendentives. Beyond them can be seen one of the apses, whose half dome serves to resist the outward thrust of the building and to enlarge the great interior space.
The architects overcame a significant engineering problem how to place a dome upon a square base.

Hagia Sophia

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

Hagia Sophia

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

Hagia Sophia As it would have appeared without the minarets, which were added during the Moslem era.

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

Hagia Sophia

Changes made: Minaret ordered by Sultan Bayezid Two colossal candles on both sides of the mihrab brought by Suleiman the Magnificent from Hungary Additional structural support on the exterior, additional two minarets and mausoleums of Selim II, Murad III and Mehmed III- designed by famous architect Sinan

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

Hagia Sophia As it appears today in Istanbul.

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

 2 Restorations: 1. In 1739-1740, during the reign of Mahmud I: a. medrese(a kitchen) b. library c. fountain for ritual ablutions

Hagia Sophia

2. In 1847-1849, during the reign of Abdulmecid and restored by Swiss-Italian architect brothers Gaspere and Giuseppe Fossati a. Repair of damaged parts and its beautification b. Sultans lodge-designed by Gaspare Fossati c. Renewed the mihrab and the minber d. Gigantic circular wooden frames hanged in the Columns- by the most famous calligraphist Kazasker Mustafa Izzet Efendi e. New Sultans gallery in Neo-Byzantine style- connected to royal pavilion behind the mosque f. Medrese and a time-keepers building g. Alteration of the Minarets- for equality of its height

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

FINISH

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING

PLEASE BRING OUT A SHEET OF PAPER AND PREPARE FOR THE QUIZ

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
4c.A.D 14 c. A.D

QUIZ

1. The first name of Byzantium was __________.

2. The emperor who died in 395 A. D that led to the division of the Byzantine empire. 3 5. Give the three distinct characteristics of Byzantine architecture. 6 11. Name and draw the three special types of domes. 12. An arch or corbelling built across the upper inside corner of a square tower. 13. The name of the church in Constantinople that was converted into a mosque.

14 15. Give two capitals of the Byzantine architecture. 16. What is the architecture of Byzantium or Early Roman empire? 17 18. Give two changes made in Hagia Sophia. Name the buildings below: 19.

20.

KEY ANSWERS

1. The first name of Byzantium was CONSTANTINOPLE.

2. The emperor who died in 395 A. D that led to the division of the Byzantine empire. EMPEROR THEODOSIUS I 3 5. Give the three distinct characteristics of Byzantine architecture. MASONRY CONSTRUCTION ROUND ARCHES SHALLOW DOMES CARRIED ON PENDENTIVES EXTENSIVE USE OF RICH FRESCOES COLORED GLASS MOSAICS MARBLE REVETMENTS TO COVER WHOLE INTERIORS

6 11. Name and draw the three special types of domes. MELON DOME SERRATED DOME ONION/ BULBOUS DOME
12. An arch or corbelling built across the upper inside corner of a square tower. SQUINCH

13. Name of the famous church in Constantinople that was converted into a mosque. HAGIA SOPHI/ S. SOPHIA

14 15. Give two capitals of the Byzantine architecture. BIRD AND BASKET CAPITAL CUSHION CAPITAL ACHEIROPIETOS SALONICA WIND SWEPT ACANTHUS 16. What is the architecture of Byzantium or Early Roman empire? BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

17 18. Give two changes made in Hagia Sophia. MINARETS COLOSSAL CANDLES ON MIHRAB STRUCTURAL SUPPORT ON THE EXTERIOR ADDITIONAL TWO MINARETS AND MAUSOLEUMS RESTORATION 19. S. VITALE 20. STA. CONSTANZA