Mathematics

What is log
e
(-1) ?
Not Defined
Its a complex
number
One of its value is it
log
e
(-1) is defined and is complex no.
Session opener
Session Objectives
Session Objective
1. Complex number - Definition
2. Equality of complex number
3. Algebra of complex number
4. Geometrical representation
5. Conjugate of complex number
6. Properties of modules and
arguments
7. Equation involving variables and
locus
Solve x
2
+ 1 = 0

D = 4(<0) No real roots
x -1 =
Euler Leonhard ( 1707-1783)
-1 i (known as iota ) =
i is the first
letter of the latin
word imaginarius

Complex Numbers Intro
0
i 1(as usual) =
1
i i =
2
i 1 =
3 2
i i .i i = =
4 3
i i .i i.i 1 = = =
1
2
1 i
i i
i i

= = =
2
2
1
i 1
i

= =
3
3
1 1
i i
i i

= = =

4
4
1
i 1
i

= =
Evaluate:
3
3
17
2
i
i
| |
| |

|
|
|
\ .
\ .
( )
3 3
3
16
3
8 8
i .i i i 8i
i i
| | | |
= + =
| |
\ . \ .
Solution
Ans: 343i
Integral powers of i(iota)
If p,q,r, s are four consecutive
integers, then i
p
+ i
q
+ i
r
+ i
s
=
a)1 b) 2
c) 4 d) None of these
Solution:
Note q = p + 1, r = p + 2, s = p + 3
= i
p
(1 + i 1 i) = 0
Given expression = i
p
(1 + i + i
2
+ i
3
)
Remember this.
Illustrative Problem
If u
n+1
= i u
n
+ 1, where
u
1
= i + 1, then u
27
is
a) i b) 1
c) i + 1 d) 0
Solution:
u
2
= iu
1
+ 1 = i(i+1) +1 = i
2
+ i + 1
Hence u
n
= i
n
+ i
n-1
+ .. + i + 1
u
3
= iu
2
+ 1 = i(i
2
+i+1) +1 = i
3
+ i
2
+ i + 1
28
27 26
27
i 1
u i i ..... i 1 0
i 1

= + + + + = =

Note by previous
question:
u
27
= 0

Illustrative Problem
z 4 5 4 i 5 = =
If a = 0 ?
If b = 0 ?
If a = 0, b = 0 ?
Complex Numbers - Definition
z = a + i b
Mathematical
notation
re(z)
= a
im(z)
=b
a,beR
Re(z) = 4, Im(z) = 5
z is purely real
z is purely imaginary
z is purely real as well as
purely imaginary
If z
1
= a
1
+ ib
1
and z
2
= a
2
+ ib
2
z
1
= z
2
if a
1
= a
2
and b
1
= b
2

Find x and y if
3
x 5 i 2 5y 2
5
+ =
Equality of Complex Numbers
Is 4 + 2i = 2 + i ? No
One of them must be greater than the other??
Order / Inequality (>, <, >, s) is not
defined for complex numbers
Find x and y if
(2x 3iy)(-2+i)
2
= 5(1-i)

Hint: simplify and compare real
and imaginary parts
Solution:
(2x 3iy)(4+i
2
-4i) = 5 -5i
(2x 3iy)(3 4i) = 5 5i
(6x 12y i(8x + 9y)) = 5 5i
6x 12y = 5, 8x + 9y = 5
7 1
x , y
10 15

= =
Illustrative Problem
(I) Addition of complex numbers

z
1
= a
1
+ ib
1
, z
2
= a
2
+ ib
2
then

Properties:

z
1
+ z
2
= a
1
+ a
2
+ i(b
1
+ b
2
)
1) Closure: z
1
+ z
2
is a complex number
2) Commutative: z
1
+ z
2
= z
2
+ z
1
3) Associative: z
1
+ (z
2
+ z
3
) = (z
1
+ z
2
) + z
3
4) Additive identity 0: z + 0 = 0 + z = z

5) Additive inverse -z: z + (-z) = (-z) + z = 0

Algebra of Complex Numbers
Addition
(II) Subtraction of complex numbers

z
1
= a
1
+ ib
1
, z
2
= a
2
+ ib
2
then

Properties:

z
1
- z
2
= a
1
- a
2
+ i(b
1
- b
2
)
1) Closure: z
1
- z
2
is a complex number
Algebra of Complex Numbers
- Subtraction
z
1
= a
1
+ ib
1
, z
2
= a
2
+ ib
2
then

Properties:

z
1
. z
2
= a
1
a
2
b
1
b
2
+ i(a
1
b
2
+ a
2
b
1
)
1) Closure: z
1
.z
2
is a complex number
2) Commutative: z
1
.z
2
= z
2
.z
1
3) Multiplicative identity 1: z.1 = 1.z = z

4) Multiplicative inverse of z = a + ib (=0):

= = =
+ + +
1
2 2
1 1 a ib a ib
z . (remember)
a ib a ib a ib a b
Algebra of Complex Numbers
- Multiplication
5) Distributivity:
z
1
(z
2
+ z
3
) = z
1
z
2
+ z
1
z
3
(z
1
+ z
2
)z
3
= z
1
z
3
+ z
2
z
3

z
1
= a
1
+ ib
1
, z
2
= a
2
+ ib
2
then

+ +
= =
+ +
1 1 1 1 1 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
z a ib a ib a ib
.
z a ib a ib a ib
+ +
=
+
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2
2 2
2 2
a a b b i(a b a b )
a b
Algebra of Complex Numbers
- Division
2(1 i)
Sum of the roots is 2i 2
i
+
= +
Solution:
Illustrative Problem
If one root of the equation

is 2 i then the other root is
(a) 2 + i (b) 2 i
(c) i (d) -i
2
ix 2(i 1)x (2 i) 0 + + =
(2 i) + | = -2i +2
| = -2i +2-2 + i = -i
Representation of complex numbers
as points on x-y plane is called
Argand Diagram.
Representaion of z = a + ib
O
X
Y
Geometrical Representation
Im (z)
Re (z)
a
b
P(z)
2 2
OP z a b = = +
Modulus of z = a + i b
1
b
tan
a

u =
Argument of z
Arg(z) = Amp(z)
Modulus and Argument
O
X
Y
Im (z)
Re (z)
a
b
P(z)
|z|
u
Argument e (-t, t] is called
principal value of argument
Argument e (-t, t] is called
principal value of argument
1
b
Step1: Find tan for 0,
a 2

t (
u = u e
(

Step2: Identify in which quadrant (a,b) lies
( -,+)
( +,+)
( -,-)
( +,-)
1+2i -1+2i
-1-2i
1 -2i
Principal Value of Argument
Step3: Use the adjoining diagram
to find out the principal value of
argument
u
t u
u t u
Based on value of u and quadrant
from step 1 and step 2
Principal Value of Argument
Let z x i y = +
2 2
x i y 2 (x 1) y i 0 + + + + + =
2 2
x 2 (x 1) y 0 + + + =
andy 1 0 + =
z 2 | z 1| i 0 + + + =
2 2
x 2 (x 1) y i(1 y) 0 + + + + + =
The complex number which satisfies
the equation
(a) 2 i (b) 2 - i
(c) 2 + i (d) -2 + i
z 2 | z 1| i 0 is + + + =
Illustrative Problem
Solution Cont.
2 2
x 2 (x 1) y 0 + + + =
and y 1 0 + =
y 1 =
2
x 2 (x 1) 1 0 + + + =
2 2
x 2(x 2x 2) = + +
2
(x 2) 0 + =
x 2 =
Illustrative Problem Principal argument
The principal value of
4 2
a) b) c) d)
3 3 3 3
t t t t

argument in 2 2 3i
1
2 3
tan
2 3

t
u = =

Step1:
u
t u
u t
u
Step2: 3
rd
quadrant ( -,-)
Solution
2
3
t
u t =
Step3:
For z = a + ib,
_
3 i
For z , z ?
2
+
= =
Conjugate of a Complex Number
Conjugate of z is
z a ib

=
Q(z)
-b
-u
Image of z on x axis
_
3 i
z
2

=
b
a u
P (z)
Y
X
_
If z z a ib a ib = + =
b 0, z is puerly real =
z lies on x
-axis
_
What if z z ? =
z z
a Re(z)
2
+
= =
z z
b im(z)
2i

= =
2 2
z a ib a b z = = + =
1
b
Arg(z) Arg(a ib) tan Arg(z)
a

= = =
Conjugate of a Complex Number
1 2 1 2
z .z z . z =
n
n
z z =
z z =
2
z.z z =
1
1
2 2
z
z
z z
=
1 2 1 2
z z z z + s + 1 2 1 2
z z z z + >
1 2 1 2
z z z z >
1 2 1 2
z z z z s +
( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
z z z z 2 z z + + = +
(Triangle inequality)
2
2 2
Pr oof :z a ib, zz (a ib)(a ib) a b z = + = + = + =
Properties of modulus
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
Arg z .z Arg z Arg z = +
( ) ( )
1
1 2
2
z
Arg Arg z Arg z
z
| |
=
|
\ .
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 n 1 2 n
Arg z .z ....z Arg z Arg z .... Arg(z ) = + + +
( )
( ) ( )
1
Arg z Arg z , Arg Arg z
z
| |
= =
|
\ .
Arg(purely real) = 0 or t or 2nt and vice versa
Arg(purely imaginary) =
( )
or or 2n 1
2 2 2
t t t
+
and vice
versa
Properties of Argument
z z =
1 2 1 2
z z z z =
1 2 1 2
z .z z .z =
1 1
2
2
2
z z
provided z 0
z
z
| |
| |
= =
|
|
\ .
\ .
Pr oof :z a ib, z a ib a ib z = + = = + =
Conjugate Properties
1
Conjugate of is
2 i +
(a) (b)
2 i
5
5
2 i +
(c) (d)
1
2 i
2 i
5
+
Illustrative Problem
1 2 i 2 i
z
2 i 2 i 5
| |
= =
|
+
\ .
2 i 2 i
z ( )
5 5
+
= =
Solution:
Find a ib +
Let x iy a ib + = +
x
2
y
2
+ 2ixy = a + ib
x
2
y
2
= a 2xy = b
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y x y 4x y + = +
Find x
2
, take positive
value of x
Find y
2
, take value of y
which satisfies 2xy = b
Note if b > 0 x,y are of
same sign, else if b < 0
x,y are of opposite sign
Square root will be x +iy
Square Root of a Complex
Number
(Squaring)
Other root will be (x+iy)
Find 8 15i
Let x iy a ib + = +
x
2
y
2
+ 2ixy = 8 15i
x
2
y
2
= 8 2xy = -15 x,y are of opposite sign
2 2
x y 64 225 17 + = + =
Illustrative Problem
Solution
2
5
2x 8 17 x
2
= + =
Find 8 15i
5 3
One of the square root i
2 2
=
Illustrative Problem
Solution
2
5 25 3
For x , y 17 y
2
2 2
= + = =
15 5 3
As xy , for x y -
2
2 2
= = =
5
x
2
=
5 3
Other square root i
2 2
= +
Cartesian
System 2D
Argand Diagram
Point ( x,y) Complex No.( z)
Locus of point Locus of complex
no. ( point in
argand diagram)
Equation in x,y
defines shapes as
circle , parabola
Equation in complex variable (z) defines
shapes as circle , parabola etc.
Distance between
P(x
1
,y
1
) and
Q(x
2
,y
2
) = PQ
Distance between P(z
1
) and Q(z
2
) = |z
1
-z
2
|

Equation involving complex
variables and locus
Illustrative Problem
Let z x iythen = +
2 2 2 2
(x 1) y 2 (x 1) y + + = +
2 2
3x 3y 10x 3 0 + + =
If z is a complex number then
|z+1| = 2|z-1| represents
(a) Circle (b) Hyperbola
(c) Ellipse (d) Straight Line
Solution
If , then the locus of z
is given by
a) Circle with centre on y-axis and
radius 5
b) Circle with centre at the origin
and radius 5
c) A straight line
d) None of these
z 5
arg
z 5 2
| | t
=
|
+
\ .
Illustrative Problem
Let z = x + iy, then
x iy 5
arg
x iy 5 2
| | + t
=
|
+ +
\ .
( )
2 2
2
2
x y 25 i10y
arg
2
x 5 y
| |
+ + t
|
=
|
+ +
\ .
As argument is complex number
is purely imaginary
2
t
x
2
+ y
2
= 25, circle with center (0,0) and radius 5
Solution
Illustrative Problem
| z 1 3| |z 1| 3 + + > +
|z 1| 3 | z 1 3| + s + +
|z 1| 3 3 + s
As | z+4| s 3
|z 1| 6 + s
Least value = ?
-7
-1
Locus of z
(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 0 (d) -6
If z is a complex no. such
the maximum value of | z 1| is +
that | z 4| 3 + s
Solution
Class Exercise
Class Exercise - 1
The modulus and principal argument

of 1 i are respectively
3
t
(a) 4 and
3
t 2
(b) 2 and
3
t
(c) 4 and
3
t 2
(d) 2 and
3
Solution:
The complex number lies in the third quadrant and
principal argument u satisfying
is given by u t.
t < u s t
Solution contd..
arg(z) =

t
u = =

1
3
tan
1 3
2
3 3
t t
t =
is the principal argument.
The modulus is =
2
2
1 3 2 + =
Hence, answer is (d).
Class Exercise - 2
If , then x
2
+ y
2
is equal to
( )
+
= +

2
2
a 1
x iy
2a i
( )
+
+
4
2
2
a 1
(a)
4a 1
( )
+
+
4
2
2
a 1
(b)
4a 1
( )
2
2
2
a 1
(c)
4a 1

(d) None of these

Taking modulus of both sides,

( )
2
2
2 2
2
a 1
x y
4a 1
+
= +
+
( )
+
+ =
+
4
2
2 2
2
a 1
x y
4a 1
Hence, answer is (a).
Class Exercise - 3
If |z 4| > |z 2|, then

(a) Re z < 3 (b) Re z < 2
(c) Re z > 2 (d) Re z > 3
Solution:
If z = x + iy, then |z 4| > |z 2|
( ) ( )
+ > +
2 2
2 2
x 4 y x 2 y
|x 4| > |x 2|
x < 3 satisfies the above inequality.
Hence, answer is (a).
Class Exercise - 4
For x
1
, x
2
, y
1
, y
2
eR, if
0< x
1
< x
2
, y
1
= y
2
and
z
1
= x
1
+ iy
1
, z
2
= x
2
+ iy
2


and z
3
= , then

z
1
, z
2
and z
3
satisfy

(a) |z
1
| < |z
3
| < |z
2
| (b) |z
1
| > |z
3
| > |z
2
|
(c) |z
1
| < |z
2
| < |z
3
| (d) |z
1
| = |z
2
| = |z
3
|
+
1 2
z z
2
Solution
y
1
= y
2
= y (Say)
2 2
1 1
z x y = +
2 2
2
2
z x y = +
1 2
3
x x
z iy
2
+
= +
+
| |
= +
|
\ .
2
2
1 2
3
x x
z y
2
1 2
1 2
x x
x x
2
+
< < (As arithmetic mean of numbers)
= |z
1
| < |z
3
| < |z
2
|
Hence, answer is (a).
Class Exercise - 5
If

then value of z
1
3
+ z
2
3
3z
1
z
2
is

(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 3
1 2
1 3i 1 3i
z and z ,
2 2
+
= =
Solution:
We find z
1
+ z
2
= 1. Therefore,
3 3 3 3
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
z z 3 z z z z 3z z (z z ) + = + + +
+ = =
3 3
1 2
(z z ) ( 1) 1.
Hence, answer is (b).
Class Exercise - 6
If one root of the equation
ix
2
2(1 + i) x + (2 i) = 0 is
2 i, then the other root is

(a) 2 + i (b) 2 i (c) i (d) i
Solution:
Sum of the roots = = 2i + 2
( )
( )
1 i
2 2i 1 i
i
+
= +
One root is 2 i.
Another root = 2i + 2 (2 i) = 2i + 2 2 + i = i
Hence, answer is (d).
Class Exercise - 7
If z = x + iy and w = , then |w| = 1,
in the complex plane

(a)z lies on unit circle
(b)z lies on imaginary axis
(c) z lies on real axis
(d)None of these
1 iz
z i

Solution:
1 iz
w 1 1
z i

= =

1 iz z i =
Putting z = x + iy, we get
( )
1 i x iy x iy i + = +
1 y ix x i (y 1) + = +
Solution contd..
( )
2
2 2 2
1 y x x (y 1) + + = +
1 + y
2
+ x
2
+ 2y = x
2
+ y
2
2y + 1
4y = 0
y = 0 equation of real axis
Hence, answer is (a).
Class Exercise - 8
The points of z satisfying arg

lies on

(a)an arc of a circle (b) line joining (1, 0), (1, 0)
(c) pair of lines (d) line joining (0, i) , (0, i)
t | |
=
|
+
\ .
z 1
z 1 4
Solution:
If we put z = x + iy, we get
( )
( )
+

=
+ + +
x 1 iy
z 1
z 1 x 1 iy
By simplifying, we get
( )
( )
( )
+ +

=
+
+ +
2 2
2
2
x 1 y i 2y
z 1
z 1
x 1 y
Solution contd..
Equation of a circle.
Note: But all the points put together
would form only a part of the circle.
Hence, answer is (a).
Class Exercise - 9
The number of solutions of Z
2
+ 3 = 0 is

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
z
Solution:
Let z = x + iy
(x + iy)
2
+ 3(x iy) = 0
x
2
y
2
+ 2ixy + 3x 3iy = 0
x
2
y
2
+ 3x + i(2xy 3y) = 0
x
2
y
2
+ 3x = 0, 2xy 3y = 0
Consider y(2x 3) = 0
Case 1: y = 0, then x
2
+ 3x = 0, i.e. x = 0 or 3
i.e. two solutions given by 0, 3
Solution contd..
Case 2: x = , then y
2
+ = 0
3
2
9
4
9
2
i.e. two solutions given by
3 3 3 i
2
So in all four solutions.
Hence, answer is (c).
Class Exercise - 10
Find the square root of 5 + 12i.
Solution:
+ = + Let x iy 5 12i
Squaring, x
2
y
2
+ 2ixy = 5 + 12i
x
2
y
2
= 5
2xy = 12
xy = 6, Both x and y are of same sign.
( )
+ = + = + =
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y x y 4x y 25 144 13
2x
2
= 8 x = 2, y = 3
2 + 3i and 2 3i are the values.
Thank you