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    Electric Circuits: Honors Physics

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    Dhanalakshmi Vadivelan
    This document provides an overview of electric circuits including potential difference, basic circuit components, current, resistance, Ohm's law, series and parallel circuits, and more. Key topics covered include voltage, electromotive force, current, resistance, Ohm's law, series and parallel circuits, and circuit analysis techniques.

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    Electric Circuits: Honors Physics

    Uploaded by

    Dhanalakshmi Vadivelan
    41 views24 pages
    This document provides an overview of electric circuits including potential difference, basic circuit components, current, resistance, Ohm's law, series and parallel circuits, and more. Key topics covered include voltage, electromotive force, current, resistance, Ohm's law, series and parallel circuits, and circuit analysis techniques.

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    Electric Circuits Power Point presentation

    Original Title

    Unit 1

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    This document provides an overview of electric circuits including potential difference, basic circuit components, current, resistance, Ohm's law, series and parallel circuits, and more. Key topics covered include voltage, electromotive force, current, resistance, Ohm's law, series and parallel circuits, and circuit analysis techniques.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    41 views24 pages

    Electric Circuits: Honors Physics

    Uploaded by

    Dhanalakshmi Vadivelan
    This document provides an overview of electric circuits including potential difference, basic circuit components, current, resistance, Ohm's law, series and parallel circuits, and more. Key topics covered include voltage, electromotive force, current, resistance, Ohm's law, series and parallel circuits, and circuit analysis techniques.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 24

    Electric Circuits

    Honors Physics

    Potential Difference =Voltage=EMF


    In a battery, a series of chemical reactions occur in which electrons are transferred from one terminal to another. There is a potential difference (voltage) between these poles. The maximum potential difference a power source can have is called the electromotive force or (EMF), e. The term isn't actually a force, simply the amount of energy per charge (J/C or V)

    A Basic Circuit
    All electric circuits have three main parts
    1. 2. 3.

    A source of energy A closed path A device which uses the energy

    If ANY part of the circuit is open the device will not work!

    Electricity can be symbolic of Fluids


    Circuits are very similar to water flowing through a pipe
    A pump basically works on TWO IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES concerning its flow There is a PRESSURE DIFFERENCE where the flow begins and ends A certain AMOUNT of flow passes each SECOND.

    A circuit basically works on TWO IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES There is a "POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE aka VOLTAGE" from where the charge begins to where it ends The AMOUNT of CHARGE that flows PER SECOND is called CURRENT.

    Current
    Current is defined as the rate at which charge flows through a surface.

    The current is in the same direction as the flow of positive charge (for this course) Note: The I stands for intensity

    There are 2 types of Current


    DC = Direct Current - current flows in one direction Example: Battery

    AC = Alternating Current- current reverses direction many times per second. This suggests that AC devices turn OFF and ON. Example: Wall outlet (progress energy)

    Ohms Law
    The voltage (potential difference, emf) is directly related to the current, when the resistance is constant
    V I R constant of proportionality R Resistance
    Voltage(V)
    10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Voltage(V)

    Voltage vs. Current

    V IR

    e IR
    Since R=V/I, the resistance is the SLOPE of a V vs. I graph

    0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Current(Amps)

    Resistance (R) is defined as the restriction of electron flow. It is due to interactions that occur at the atomic scale. For example, as electron move through a conductor they are attracted to the protons on the nucleus of the conductor itself. This attraction doesnt stop the electrons, just slow them down a bit and cause the system to waste energy.
    The unit for resistance is the OHM, W

    Resistance

    Electrical POWER
    We have already learned that POWER is the rate at which work (energy) is done. Circuits that are a prime example of this as batteries only last for a certain amount of time AND we get charged an energy bill each month based on the amount of energy we used over the course of a monthaka POWER.

    POWER
    It is interesting to see how certain electrical variables can be used to get POWER. Lets take Voltage and Current for example.

    Other useful power formulas


    These formulas can also be used! They are simply derivations of the POWER formula with different versions of Ohm's law substituted in.

    Ways to Wire Circuits


    There are 2 basic ways to wire a circuit. Keep in mind that a resistor could be ANYTHING ( bulb, toaster, ceramic materialetc)
    Series One after another Parallel between a set of junctions and parallel to each other

    Schematic Symbols
    Before you begin to understand circuits you need to be able to draw what they look like using a set of standard symbols understood anywhere in the world
    For the battery symbol, the LONG line is considered to be the POSITIVE terminal and the SHORT line , NEGATIVE. The VOLTMETER and AMMETER are special devices you place IN or AROUND the circuit to measure the VOLTAGE and CURRENT.

    The Voltmeter and Ammeter


    Current goes THROUGH the ammeter

    The voltmeter and ammeter cannot be just placed anywhere in the circuit. They must be used according to their DEFINITION. Since a voltmeter measures voltage or POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE it must be placed ACROSS the device you want to measure. That way you can measure the CHANGE on either side of the device. Voltmeter is drawn ACROSS the resistor

    Since the ammeter measures the current or FLOW it must be placed in such a way as the charges go THROUGH the device.

    Simple Circuit
    When you are drawing a circuit it may be a wise thing to start by drawing the battery first, then follow along the loop (closed) starting with positive and drawing what you see.

    Series Circuit
    In in series circuit, the resistors are wired one after another. Since they are all part of the SAME LOOP they each experience the SAME AMOUNT of current. In figure, however, you see that they all exist BETWEEN the terminals of the battery, meaning they SHARE the potential (voltage).

    I ( series)Total I1 I 2 I 3 V( series)Total V1 V2 V3

    Series Circuit
    I ( series)Total I1 I 2 I 3 V( series)Total V1 V2 V3
    As the current goes through the circuit, the charges must USE ENERGY to get through the resistor. So each individual resistor will get its own individual potential voltage). We call this VOLTAGE DROP.

    V( series)Total V1 V2 V3 ; V IR ( I T RT ) series I1 R1 I 2 R2 I 3 R3 Rseries R1 R2 R3 Rs Ri


    Note: They may use the terms effective or equivalent to mean TOTAL!

    Example

    A series circuit is shown to the left. a) What is the total resistance?


    R(series) = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6W
    b)

    What is the total current?


    V=IR 12=I(6) I = 2A

    c)

    What is the current across EACH resistor? They EACH get 2 amps! What is the voltage drop across each resistor?( Apply Ohm's law to each resistor separately)
    V2W=(2)(2)= 4V

    d)

    V1W(2)(1) 2 V

    V3W=(2)(3)= 6V

    Notice that the individual VOLTAGE DROPS add up to the TOTAL!!

    Parallel Circuit
    In a parallel circuit, we have multiple loops. So the current splits up among the loops with the individual loop currents adding to the total current

    It is important to understand that parallel circuits will all have some position where the current splits and comes back together. We call these JUNCTIONS. The current going IN to a junction will always equal the current going OUT of a junction.

    I ( parallel )Total I1 I 2 I 3

    Junctions

    Regarding Junctions: I IN I OUT

    Parallel Circuit
    V

    Notice that the JUNCTIONS both touch the POSTIVE and NEGATIVE terminals of the battery. That means you have the SAME potential difference down EACH individual branch of the parallel circuit. This means that the individual voltages drops are equal.

    V( parallel )Total V1 V2 V3 I ( parallel )Total I1 I 2 I 3 ; V IR


    This junction touches the POSITIVE terminal This junction touches the NEGATIVE terminal

    VT V1 V2 V3 ( ) Parallel RT R1 R2 R3 1 1 1 1 RP R1 R2 R3 1 1 RP Ri

    Example

    To the left is an example of a parallel circuit. a) What is the total resistance?

    1 1 1 1 RP 5 7 9 1 1 0.454 RP Rp 0.454
    2.20 W

    b) What is the total current? V IR

    8 I ( R ) 3.64 A
    c) What is the voltage across EACH resistor? 8 V each! d) What is the current drop across each resistor? (Apply Ohm's law to each resistor separately)

    V IR I 5W

    8 1.6 A 8 8 I 7 W 1.14 A I 9W 0.90 A 5 7 9

    Notice that the individual currents ADD to the total.

    Compound (Complex) Circuits


    Many times you will have series and parallel in the SAME circuit.

    Solve this type of circuit from the inside out.


    WHAT IS THE TOTAL RESISTANCE?

    1 1 1 ; RP 33.3W RP 100 50 Rs 80 33.3 113.3W

    Compound (Complex) Circuits


    1 1 1 ; RP 33.3W RP 100 50 Rs 80 33.3 113.3W

    Suppose the potential difference (voltage) is equal to 120V. What is the total current?

    VT I T RT

    120 I T (113.3) I T 1.06 A


    What is the VOLTAGE DROP across the 80W resistor?

    V80W I 80W R80W V80W (1.06)(80) V80W


    84.8 V

    Compound (Complex) Circuits


    RT 113.3W VT 120V I T 1.06 A V80W 84.8V I 80W 1.06 A
    What is the VOLTAGE DROP across the 100W and 50W resistor?
    What is the current across the 100W and 50W resistor?

    I T ( parallel ) I 2 I 3 I T ( series) I1 I 2&3 35.2 0.352 A I100W 100 35.2 I 50W 0.704 A 50
    Add to 1.06A

    VT ( parallel ) V2 V3 VT ( series) V1 V2&3 120 84.8 V2&3 V2&3 35.2 V Each!

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