Chapter 2 DNA Structure I Genetics Book

Chapter 2
DNA: The Genetic Material
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education Inc.
Gregor
Mendel
prior to Mendel
Factors of heredity Seeds of heredity
Scientists
Key
characteristics of the genetic material
Contain a stable form of the information about the cell structure, function, development, and reproduction of an organism Accurate replication Capable of change
Friedrich

Miescher (1869)
Discovery of nucleic acid Isolation of a substance from pus which contained CHONP Later found in the nuclei of all biological samples studied Called nuclein
ca.
1900
Composed of protein and nucleic acids Are the molecules of heredity Which of these is the molecule of heredity?
Discovery of chromosomes
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Conclusion

Somehow interaction among the two strains allowed for the transformation Genetic material from the S strain incorporated into de the genetic material of the R strain
Transforming principle
It might be protein (supposition)
Used
IIIS and IIR bacteria Lysed IIIS and made extracts Incubated extracts with IIR bacteria and plated Transformation occurred to IIIS bacteria Conclusion?
Used
IIIS and IIR bacteria Lysed IIIS and made extracts Incubated extracts with enzymes to degrade each one of the macromolecules Incubated treated extracts with IIR bacteria and plated Transformation occurred to IIIS bacteria only when DNA was not degraded Conclusion?
Only
viruses
Polymers
vs. monomers
Helical
structure Two regularities

0.34 nm 3.4 nm
nm diameter
Types

of RNA
mRNA tRNA rRNA snRNA miRNA
Configuration
of RNA
ssRNA dsRNA
Viral
genomes Prokaryotic genomes Eukaryotic genomes
DNA

Double stranded or single stranded or mixture Circular or linear Single or fragmented
RNA
Double stranded or single stranded Circular or linear Single or fragmented
Most

Single Double stranded Circular Organized in a nucleoid Multiple Linear or circular
Some
Smaller
autonomously-replicating chromosomes not essential to the life of the cell
Plasmids
Borrelia burgdorferi

0.91 Mb linear chromosome 17 plasmids some linear, some circular with a combined size of 0.53 Mb
Rhizobium radiobacter

3 Mb circular chromosome 2.1 Mb linear chromosome
Methanococcus jannaschii
1.66 Mb circular chromosome 58 kb & 16 kb circular plasmids
Archaeoglobus fulgidus

Single 2.2 Mb circular chromosome Single 4.6 Mb circular chromosome
Escherichia coli
Topoisomerases
Multiple
Linear Terms

Karyotype complete set of metaphase chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell C-value amount of DNA in the haploid genome
Species specific
Chromosomes
in the cell cycle
Chromatin
stainable material in the cell
nucleus

DNA Protein
Histones H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4 Non-histones
Solenoid
model Zigzag model
Figure 4-32 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)
Figure 4-31 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)
Euchromatin

Actively transcribed Devoid of repetitive sequences
Heterochromatin
transcriptionally inactive
Constitutive
Identical positions in both homologs and consists mainly of repetitive sequences Centromeres, telomeres Differs depending of the stage and can be different in different homologs Represents condensed euchromatin
Facultative
Centromere
Telomere
CEN region in yeast S. cerevisiae Centromeres in individual chromosomes are different
100 1000 copies Simple telomeric sequences
Repetitive sequences
112 120 bp
CDEII 78 86 bp > 90% A-T CDEI 8 bp RTCACRTG CDEIII 26 bp A-T rich
Tandemly repeated DNA sequences Tetrahymena 5TTGGGG-3 Homo sapiens 5TTAGGG-3
Telomere-associated sequences
Unique-sequence

DNA
One to few copies in the genome All of the genome in prokaryotes and some present in eukaryotes (55-60% in humans) Most protein-coding gene regions
Moderately
repetitive DNA
Few to 105 copies in the genome Present in eukaryotes
Highly

repetitive DNA
105 to 107 copies in the genome Present in eukaryotes
Dispersed

repeated DNA
Long-interspersed elements (LINEs)

1000 7000 bp
Short-interspersed elements
100 400 bp (SINEs)
Tandemly
repeated DNA
1 10 bp

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Chapter 2

DNA: The Genetic Material

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education Inc.

Factors of heredity Seeds of heredity

characteristics of the genetic material

It might be protein (supposition)

structure Two regularities

mRNA tRNA rRNA snRNA miRNA

genomes Prokaryotic genomes Eukaryotic genomes

Double stranded or single stranded or mixture Circular or linear Single or fragmented

Double stranded or single stranded Circular or linear Single or fragmented

Single Double stranded Circular Organized in a nucleoid Multiple Linear or circular

autonomously-replicating chromosomes not essential to the life of the cell

3 Mb circular chromosome 2.1 Mb linear chromosome

Single 2.2 Mb circular chromosome Single 4.6 Mb circular chromosome

in the cell cycle

stainable material in the cell

Histones H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4 Non-histones

model Zigzag model

Figure 4-32 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 4-31 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Actively transcribed Devoid of repetitive sequences

CEN region in yeast S. cerevisiae Centromeres in individual chromosomes are different

100 1000 copies Simple telomeric sequences

Tandemly repeated DNA sequences Tetrahymena 5TTGGGG-3 Homo sapiens 5TTAGGG-3

Few to 105 copies in the genome Present in eukaryotes

105 to 107 copies in the genome Present in eukaryotes

Long-interspersed elements (LINEs)

100 400 bp (SINEs)

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