Laser Pulse Shaping For Electron Photoinjection by An Acousto-Optic Dispersive Filter

Laser pulse shaping for electron
photoinjection by an acousto-optic
dispersive filter

S. Stagira, M. Nisoli, S. De Silvestri

Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano (Italy)

POLITECNICO DI MILANO
Dipartimento di Fisica
LI-ERP Workshop, October 23-25,
2002
SLAC, Stanford, California
Outline
Standard pulse shaping techniques

The Acousto-Optic Programmable Dispersive Filter
(AOPDF)

Advantages and drawbacks of AOPDF

Numerical simulation for an AOPDF setup

Conclusions

2002
Introduction
Pulse shaping techniques are exploited in:

Investigation of laser-matter interaction

Optical communication systems

Femtosecond amplified laser sources

Biomedical applications

See A. M. Weiner, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 1929 (2000) and references therein.

2002
Standard techniques (1)
Grating Grating
Lens
Lens
f f f f
Mask
Mapping of spectral domain into spatial domain

2002
Standard techniques (2)
Kind of mask Shaping Drawbacks
Fixed

Amplitude
and/or phase

Not
programmable

Liquid crystal
modulator

Amplitude
and/or phase

Deformable mirror

Phase

Limited dynamics

Two modulators
for amplitude &
phase shaping

Acousto-optic
modulator

Amplitude
and/or phase

Low efficiency

2002
A different approach to pulse shaping
The pulse is a superposition of wave-packets at
different frequencies e.

Propagation delay of a wave-packet (group delay):

| spectral phase of the pulse.

Shaping of the phase achievable changing t
g
(e).

e
|
e t
d
d
g
= ) (
2002
The AOPDF (Dazzler)
Birefringent
crystal
Two
polarization
directions
allowed

Selective acousto-optic scattering from fast mode
to slow mode

Output group delay depends on scattering position
in the crystal

P. Tournois, Opt. Comm. 140, 245 (1997)
F. Verluise et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 17, 138 (2000)
Slow Axis (mode 2)
Fast Axis
(mode 1)
Acoustic
wave
Propagation delay

Slow Axis (mode 2)
Fast Axis
(mode 1)
Acoustic
wave
L
z( ) e
e
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
2 1
e u
e
e u
e
e t
g g
g
z L z
+ =
where

L is the crystal length
z(e) is the scattering position for the frequency e
u
g1
, u
g2
are the group velocities for the fast and slow modes.

2002
Design of the desired phase shaping

Scattering position as a function of frequency:

with t
sh
(e) desired group delay for phase shaping and

Design of the required acoustic wave is obtained from the
analysis of the acousto-optic interaction.

(
(
A =
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
2
e u
e t e u e
g
sh g
L
z
1
2 1
)] ( / 1 ) ( / 1 [ ) (

= A e u e u e u
g g g
2002
Acousto-Optic interaction
Particle picture: for efficient photon-phonon interaction

Energy conservation

Doppler shift (negligible)
e
2
~ e
1

and Momentum conservation
phase matching

with K
ac
spatial frequency of the acoustic wave
n
1
, n
2
refractive indexes for the fast and slow modes

ac
O + =
1 2
e e
ac
K
c
n
c
n
+ =
1 1 2 2
e e
2002
Design of the acoustic wave
From phase matching conditions:

Scattering position z(e) is imposed by group delay shaping

Parametric representation of K
ac
(z) is given as a function of e.
If z(e) is monotonic, K
ac
(z) is single-valued

Required acoustic signal:

)] ( ) ( [ ) (
1 2
e e
e
e n n
c
K
ac
=
(
}
=
z
ac
dz z K z A z S
0
) ( cos ) ( ) (
2002
The amplitude shaping
The amplitude A(z) of the acoustic signal drives the
scattering efficiency in the position z

Independent spectral amplitude shaping can be imposed

The AOPDF is both an amplitude and a phase filter:

with S(t) acoustic signal, o = (n
2
-n
1
)V
ac
/c ~ 10
-7
in TeO
2

) ( ) ( ) ( oe e e S E E
in out

P. Tournois, Opt. Comm. 140, 245 (1997) POLITECNICO DI MILANO
Performances of commercial AOPDFs
(DAZZLER)
According to device model:
Operating wavelength: visible to near infrared
Bandwidth: 50 nm (high res.) to 200 nm (broadband)
Resolution: from 0.1 nm to 0.6 nm
Maximum programmable delay: > 6 ps
Efficiency: 30 - 50%
DAZZLER is computer - driven

Drawbacks of AOPDF
The group delay provided by AOPDF is limited:

Additional amount of delay can be added externally

Scattering efficiency s 50% (losses)
Not important if AOPDF is used before amplification

Nonlinear optical effects are detrimental
AOPDF cannot be used with high-intensity pulses

) (
) (
) (
1 2
e u
e t
e u
g
g
g
L L
< <
2002
Advantages of AOPDF
Lower sensitivity to laser misalignment with respect to
standard setup

Compactness

Phase and amplitude filter

Commercial version is computer-programmed

2002
Requirements for electron photoinjection
T
rise
~ 0.5 ps
t
Flat top
T ~ 10 ps
UV driving pulse
0.5 mJ energy
2002
Typical laser source
Oscillator Shaper Stretcher Amplifiers
Compressor
SHG SFG
Diagnostic
Ti:Sapphire CPA
UV pulse by SHG+SFG
Feedback control
(if required)
2002
Numerical simulations for pulse shaping
100-fs input pulses at
800 nm

Group delay and
amplitude shaping

3
rd
harmonic with
negligible pump depletion

Ideal stretcher, amplifiers
and compressor

790 800 810
0.0
0.5
1.0

I
n
p
u
t

P
o
w
e
r

S
p
e
c
t
r
u
m
Wavelength (nm)
2002
Numerical simulations (1)
790 795 800 805 810
-5
0
5

G
r
o
u
p

d
e
l
a
y

(
p
s
)
Wavelength (nm)
790 800 810
0.0
0.5
1.0

T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
Wavelength (nm)
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
T
raise
= 0.5 ps
T = 4 ps

3
r
d

h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c

i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
Time (ps)
2002
Acoustic wave calculation (1)
Frequency and amplitude of the
acoustic wave in TeO
2

Shaping requires a
2.5-cm-long crystal
(wavelength range 790-810 nm)

DAZZLER can be used without
any external delay source
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2

A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
a
r
b
.

u
n
i
t
s
)
Distance (cm)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17

S
p
a
t
i
a
l

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
1
0
6
m
-
1
)
Distance (cm)
2002
790 795 800 805 810
-20
0
20

G
r
o
u
p

d
e
l
a
y

(
p
s
)
Wavelength (nm)
790 800 810
0.0
0.5
1.0

T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
Wavelength (nm)
-9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9
T
raise
= 1 ps
T = 12 ps

3
r
d

h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c

i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
Time (ps)
2002
790 800 810
0.0
0.5
1.0

T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
Wavelength (nm)
790 795 800 805 810
-10
-5
0
5
10

G
r
o
u
p

d
e
l
a
y

(
p
s
)
Wavelength (nm)
-10 -5 0 5 10
T
raise
= 0.45 ps
T = 16 ps

3
r
d

h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c

i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
Time (ps)
2002
Acoustic wave calculation (3)
Frequency and amplitude of the
acoustic wave in TeO
2

Shaping requires a
10-cm-long crystal
(DAZZLER crystal: ~ 2.5 cm)

External delay contribution must
be provided
0 2 4 6 8 10
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18

S
p
a
t
i
a
l

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
1
0
6
m
-
1
)
Distance (cm)
0 2 4 6 8 10
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2

A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
a
r
b
.

u
n
i
t
s
)
Distance (cm)
2002
Conclusions
AOPDF presents some advantages with respect to
standard shaping techniques

Quasi rectangular pulses can be easily generated

Pulses longer than ~ 6 ps require additional delay
amount (e.g. unbalancing of stretcher and compressor)
2002
Acknowledgments
P. Tournois and D. Kaplan are gratefully
acknowledged for their helpful discussion on
pulse shaping with DAZZLER
SPARC project
Laser source development for electron photojection
A. Ghigo, C. Vicario
INFN - LNF

I. Boscolo, S. Cialdi, L. Serafini
INFN-Milan and University of Milan

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