Time Synchronization and Low Complexity Detection For High Speed Wireless Local Area Network

Wireless communications lab, AU-KBC Research Centre
TIME SYNCHRONIZATION AND LOW COMPLEXITY

DETECTION FOR HIGH SPEED WIRELESS LOCAL
AREA NETWORK
V. Sathish, 2004438105
Supervisor: Dr.S.Srikanth
AU-KBC Research centre,
MIT Campus,
Chennai, India

Timing synchronization in IEEE 802.11n
systems
Presentation Outline
Abstract
IEEE 802.11n standard, goals and its challenges
Review of IEEE 802.11a preamble and its usage
802.11n operating modes and frame formats
Timing synchronization
Literature survey
Proposed coarse timing estimation
Proposed fine timing estimation
Simulation setup and results discussion
Conclusion
Abstract
A low complexity timing synchronization method for the systems leased on
the MIMO-OFDM
1
based 802.11n standard is proposed

Two high throughput operating modes in IEEE 802.11n:
Mixed mode where 802.11a/g legacy systems and 802.11n based MIMO-OFDM
systems shall co-exist
Greenfield mode where only 802.11n enabled MIMO-OFDM systems exists

For timing synchronization purposes,
Mixed mode : short training field (STF) and long training field (LTF) in preamble
Greenfield mode : Only short training field in preamble

Essentially, two time sync algorithms are needed for MIMO modes

Proposed algorithm uses only STF for timing synchronization and achieves
same performance as LTF based algorithm

The STF structure is same on both the modes, so a single time sync
algorithm can be implemented for all the high throughput modes.
1
MIMO-OFDM Multiple input multiple output Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
WLAN standards
Wi-Fi standards
- IEEE 802.11 standard, 1997; 2 Mbps, 2.4GHz, CSMA/CA

- IEEE 802.11b std, 1999; 11 Mbps, 2.4GHz, CSMA/CA

- IEEE 802.11a std, 1999; 54 Mbps, 5GHz, CSMA/CA

- IEEE 802.11g std, 2003; 11 Mbps & 54 Mbps, 2.4 GHz,
CSMA/CA

- IEEE 802.11n draft, 2006; 500 Mbps, 2.4 GHz,
CSMA/CA
802.11n standard Goals and its challenges
Achieve higher data rates (around 500 Mbps)
Use of MIMO-OFDM technology
Supports 20MHz and 40 MHz bandwidth operation

Interoperable with 802.11a/g legacy systems

Increased complexity
Multiple radio frequency (RF) and baseband (BB) chains required
Spatial detection techniques

Backward compatibility
MIMO-OFDM system should be able to decode the legacy packets
Legacy system should atleast know about the MIMO-OFDM transmission
to avoid collision
Design of preamble impacts on initial receiver tasks
Review of IEEE802.11a frame
Short training field
Long training field
SS SS
SS GI
LS1 LS2
SIG
Signal
Field
0.8 s
1.6 s 3.2 s
Data

Short symbols
1. Start of packet (SOP) detection
2. Automatic gain control (AGC)
3. Coarse timing estimation
4. Coarse frequency offset
estimation

Long symbols
5. Fine timing estimation
6. Fine frequency offset estimation
7. Channel estimation

8. Data detection
Receiver tasks
Initial receiver tasks
AGC &
Synchro.
Mode
Ch.
Estimatio
n Mode
Correction
& Tracking
mode
Start
of
packet
Acquisition mode
Packet detected
Time & frequency
Acquired
Channel estimated
Offset
update
Data detection
End of packet
802.11n frame formats
Non-High Throughput frame format
Short training field Long training field
SIG DATA
SS SS LS
LS
CP SS
Used in the legacy network where only the 802.11a/g enabled devices are present

Content is identical to the frame defined in the IEEE 802.11a standard

STF Short training field

LTF Long training field
802.11n frame formats contd.
DATA
Legacy format Preamble High throughput Preamble
L-STF L-LTF L-SIG HT-SIG HT-STF HT-LTF
HT-LTFn
High throughput mixed frame format
High throughput stations and legacy stations shall co-exists

MIMO stations should transmit and receive the legacy frames and HT frames

For compatibility reasons, Initial preamble part is provided with the first three
fields of non-HT preamble

HT-SIG, HT-STF and HT-LTFs are used decoding the MIMO packets

If the tranmission is intended for MIMO_OFDM system, then based on the
number of TX antennas cyclic shift is applied as shown in table1
802.11n frame formats contd.
H-STF
High throughput Preamble
H-LTF H-SIG HT-LTF HT-LTFn DATA
High throughput Greenfield frame format
Only HT MIMO-OFDM stations can exist
All the training fields specific to MIMO-OFDM systems
HT-STF is identical to the L-STF field of mixed mode and is used for timing
acquisition, AGC and frequency acquisition
For TH-SIG demodulation, channel estimates are obtained from first HT_LTF
fields
Remaining HT-LTFs are used for estimating the channels across multiple
transmit and receive antennas
Frames in different TX antennas are cyclically shifted based on table2 before
transmission
Cyclic shift for HT frame transmission
ns
Number
of
Transmit
chain
Cyclic
shift for
Tx
chain1
( )
Cyclic
shift for
Tx
chain2
( )
Cyclic
shift for
Tx
chain3
( )
Cyclic
shift for
Tx
chain4
( )
1 0
2 0 -200
3 0 -100 -200
4 0 -50 -100 -150
Table1. Cyclic shift for the non-HT portion of the packet
Table2. Cyclic shift for the HT portion of the packet
Number
of
Transmit
chain
Cyclic
shift for
Tx
chain1
( )
Cyclic
shift for
Tx
chain2
( )
Cyclic
shift for
Tx
chain3
( )
Cyclic
shift for
Tx
chain4
( )
1 0
2 0 -400
3 0 -400 -200
4 0 -400 -200 -600
ns ns ns
ns
ns ns ns
For Backward compatibility
802.11n
Access
point
Legacy mode
Green field mode
Mixed mode
Only frames in legacy
format
Preambles that are specific
to MIMO-OFDM systems
Preamble should be
compatible to legacy stations

Should work better for
MIMO-OFDM systems
Typical 802.11n network
802.11n
Access
point
802.11g
802.11g
802.11g
802.11n
802.11n
802.11g
802.11g
802.11n
Active node
Inactive node
Legacy mode
Green field mode
Mixed mode
802.11n
Typical MIMO-OFDM system model
X
( )
t
N
X k
Spatial
Demux
OFDM TX
Spatial
Detection
OFDM TX
OFDM RX
OFDM RX
Spatial
Mux
1
( ) X k
1
( ) x n
( )
t
N
x n
1
( ) v n
( )
r
N
v n
X
1
( )
t
N
h n
1
( )
r
N
h n
11
( ) h n
( )
t t
N N
h n
( )
r
N
y n
1
( ) y n
t
N
r
N
1 1
channel
Transmitter Receiver
1
(1) Y
1
( ) Y N
(1)
r
N
Y
( )
r
N
Y N
N
t
xN
r
MIMO-OFDM system

Received signal model
1
1
2
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t
N
P
j n
r t rt r
t p
y n x n h n p e v n
tc

= =
= +
( )
t
x n
th
t
is the transmitted signal from the TX antenna

where
( )
rt
h n
th
t
is the impulse response of the channel between the
transmit and receive antenna
th
r
Received signal at the receive antenna
th
r
( )
r
v n
is the AWGN at the
2
v
o
RX antenna with zero mean and variance
th
r
is the normalized frequency offset c
P
is the channel length and remains static across
n
t
N The total power transmitted is normalized across the transmit antennas and is given as
2
1
( ) 1
t
N
t
t
E x n
=
(
=


To estimate the sampling time of the OFDM symbol

The start of OFDM symbol varies based on the strongest path of the
fading channel

Non-optimal sampling causes ISI and ICI

Done in two steps
Coarse timing offset (CTO) estimation
Fine timing offset (FTO) estimation

Coarse timing offset estimation
Rough estimate is obtained
After start of packet detection and AGC, timing estimator is triggered

Fine timing offset estimation
Optimal starting of OFDM symbol is obtained
Literature survey
In [4], T. M. Schmidl and D.C. Cox had proposed a maximum likelihood (Ml)
synchronization timing estimation method for a SISO-OFDM system.

An extension of this method for MIMO-OFDM system was proposed in [5]
by A. N. Mody and G.L. Stuber, and in [6] by A. Van Zelst and Tim C. W.
Schenk.

The drawback of these methods is that the preambles assumed in the
papers are not the same as in the 802.11n standards.

In [7], Jianhua Liu and Jian Li presented a timing synchronization technique
for a preamble that is similar to the one in the 802.11n standard.

However, the computational complexity of this method is high due to the
cross correlation performed on the LTF for fine timing estimation.
Coarse timing offset estimation
The objective of the CTO estimator is to find the rough
starting position of any of the short symbol

Typically 5-6 blocks of SS is taken for AGC operation

Coarse timing estimation can be performed only after AGC
convergence.

An easy way is to find the end of the STF by using the
autocorrelation property of the received signal.

Proposed Coarse timing offset estimation
Proposed coarse timing estimation technique
A metric is calculated from the instant k at which the AGC is converged
This metric is similar to the one in [7] and is given as

( ) S n
where
1
0
( )
1
( )
( )
r
N
r
r r
r
P n
S n
N R n
=
=

1
*
0
1 1 1
2 2
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
s
s t
N
r r r s
d
N N P
t rt r
d t p
P n y n d y n N d
x n d p h p n o
=

= = =
= + + +
= + +
1
*
0
1 1 1
2 2
0 0 0
1
( ) ( ) ( )
1
( ) ( ) ( )
s
s t
N
r r s r s
s
d
N N P
t rt r
s
d t p
R n y n N d y n N d
N
x n d p h p n
N
|
=

= = =
= + + + +
= + +
and
( )
r
n o
is the value of the cross correlation between the signal and noise terms
( )
r
n |
is the sum of noise energy and value of cross correlation between the signal
and noise terms
Step1:
Proposed CTO estimator contd..
( ) 1 8
s
S n n N s s
( ) 1 8
s
S n n N K < > + 0
s
K N < < with
The metric will form the end of the plateau and could be noisy due to AWGN and multipath
fading conditions
( ) S n
To have a smooth plateau, the current metric is filtered through a weight filter and is given as
' '
( ) ( 1) (1 ) ( ) S n S n S n = +
(1 ) Where is the weight factor given to previous value and is the weight applied to the
current metric
( ) S n The value of metric can take different values based on the index.
( )
r
n o
is the sum of the cross correlation of the signal and noise terms, and cross correlation
between samples from STF and LTF.
8
s
n N >
( )
r
P n
( )
r
n o
Since the fields STF and LTF are highly uncorrelated, the parameter decreases with
thereby reduction in
Plot of metric1
Reference for metric
Metric
The falling end of plateau is
noisy and getting a coarse timing
estimates will be erroneous
Threshold based detection
Metric forms a Plateau - 2x2
system under the channel D
with SNR=10dB
Proposed CTO estimator contd.
1 1
2
0 0
1
( ) ( ) ( )
s r
N N
r r s
r s
r d
D n y n d y n N d
N N

= =
= + + +

2
2
v
o
( ) D n
n The value of metric depends on the instant

8
s
n N <
8
s
n N K > + For with the metric will be represented as 0 K >
2
( ) 2 ( ) ( )
v
D n n n o o | + +
and represents the averaged power of the STF and LTF respectively ( ) n o ( ) n |
The total averaged power of the difference signal will increase as n increases. This is because
of the contributions from LTF
A smoothing operation is done on the metric by weighted averaging and is given as
' '
( ) ( 1) (1 ) ( ) D n D n D n = +
( ) D n A new metric which is the average power of a difference signal over a window of samples
is defined from the instant
s
N
The metric is given as
Step2:
Plot of CTO metrics
Intersection point
M2
Metric plotted for a 2x2
system under the channel D
without noise
Proposed CTO estimator contd.
The metrics and can be used to get a reliable estimate of the CTO
'
( ) S n
'
( ) D n
Steady increase in metric2 from and steady decrease in the value of metric1 from

8 1
s
N + 8 1
s
N +
The intersection point between these two metrics is estimated as the coarse time
The instant should lie within the range [ , ] 8 1
s
N + 9
s
N
At low SNR, both the metrics will be noisy and fluctuating and this would result in wrong
estimate
There might more than one intersecting point due to fluctuations
To avoid this a simple condition is proposed
Let be the intersecting point then this instant will be chosen as the CTO estimate when
the conditions given below are satisfied
2
M

' '
2
( ) ( ) D M D n >
2 2 2
{ ,..., 1, } n M Q M M =
,
' '
2
( ) ( ) D M D n <
2 2 2
{ ,..., 1, } n M M Q M Q = + + ,
Where is the number of samples used to make sure that the estimate is not a false
alarm due to noise
Q
Plot of metrics
Metric 1
Reference for metric 1
Reference for metric 2
Metric 2
2x2 MIMO-OFDM system;
Channel model D;
SNR=10dB
Proposed Fine timing offset estimation
Proposed fine timing estimator
The objective of the fine timing offset estimator is to find the exact start of the OFDM
symbol
In multipath channel conditions this might not be possible because the strongest
path could occur at non-zero delays
In the proposed FTO estimator, we find an index in the starting of the 9th SS
where the sum of channel impulse response energy is maximum between the
receive antenna and transmit antenna

This is achieved by using the correlation property of the STF and the advantages of
the cyclic shift
Achieved in two steps
Proposed FTO estimator contd.
Step1:
A simple cross correlation is performed between the received signal and the transmit signal
The fine timing offset estimation algorithm is triggered from the index
2
8 M
The received signal at each receive antenna is correlated with all the transmit signals
t
N
1
*
0
1

( ) ( ) ( )
s
N
rt r t
s
d
g n y n d x d
N
=
= +
Then, the cross correlation output between RX antenna and TX antenna is given as
th
t
th
r
Let be the received signal at the RX antenna after coarse frequency offset correction,
th
r
( )
r
y n
0
s
n N s <
Since the received signal at each receive antenna contains multiple versions of the transmit
signal in cyclically shifted manner, the cross correlation between the received signal and
the transmit signal will result in multiple peaks
Each peak corresponds to the total channel energy between transmit and receive antennas
The position corresponding to the first peak of the first receive antenna output sequence is
the fine timing estimate
For example
Let us assume the coarse timing estimate and all the channel impulse responses
have the strongest path at zero delay
2
8 8
s
M N = +
For the 4x4 mixed mode system
The cross correlation output between the first transmit antenna signal and the first
receive antenna signal will have 4 peaks placed consecutively from 8 1,..,8 4
s s
N N + +
00
( ) g n
Detecting the first peak is quite tricky due to multiple peaks that corresponds to different
channel power between transmit and receive antennas
To choose the first peak, we propose a simple technique
Cross correlated output - Example
For a 4x4 system
0 1 2 13, 14, 15
0 1 2 13, 14, 15 0 1 2 13, 14, 15
0 1 2 13, 14, 15
( )
rt
g n ( )
rt
g n
( )
rt
g n ( )
rt
g n
Antenna1
Antenna2 Antenna4
Antenna3
1 4
22 0 1
0 0
( ) (( )) ((12 ))
s s
r N r N
r m
G q g q m g q m
= =
= + + + +
2 4
33 0 1
0 0
2
( ) (( )) ((14 ))
((12 ))
s s
s
r N r N
r m
r N
G q g q m g q m
g q m
= =
= + + + +
+ + +
3 3
44 0 1
0 0
2 3
( ) (( )) ((15 ))
((14 )) ((13 ))
s s
s s
r N r N
r m
r N r N
G q g q m g q m
g q m g q m
= =
= + + + +
+ + + + + +
0,..,15 q =
With reference to the table1a for mixed mode, we propose the metrics , and
for different antenna configurations as shown below
22
( ) G q 33
( ) G q
44
( ) G q
The cyclic shift 50us, 100us, 150us and 200us applied at the transmit antenna corresponds
to numerical shift 15, 14, 13 and 12 that is applied at the correlated output obtained from
different transmit signals.
The index corresponding to the maximum of absolute of the metric is determined as the
fine timing offset.
Step2:
Complexity analysis
In case of the conventional LTF based FTO estimator, the complex cross correlation should be
performed between 64 samples length long symbol and the received signal.
64 64
t r
N N
In the proposed FTO estimator, the cross correlation is performed between 16 samples length
short symbol and the received signal
16 16
t r
N N
Simulation and performance analysis
Performance of coarse timing estimator
Probability distribution of CTO estimate is plotted

Compared to the performance of threshold based technique

System model
2x2, 3x3 and 4x4 antenna configuration

MIMO Channel model
TGn channel models

SNR = 8dB
Parameters of coarse timing estimator
For threshold based technique as in [7]
Mixed mode and green field mode
Threshold c
2
=0.6 and Q
2
=15 samples

For proposed technique
Mixed mode and green field mode
Threshold =0.45 and Q=8 samples
Smoothing filter weight = 0.5 for both the metrics
Probability of coarse timing offset estimate of
conventional and the proposed technique.

Estimation accuracy of the
CTO estimator is [0, ] 1
s
N
Probability of getting zero CTO is
high for the algorithm proposed in
threshold based technique
Significant probability of the CTO
obtained using this algorithm is
going beyond the defined
estimation accuracy
In the proposed algorithm, estimates are more stable and lie within the estimation range
Comparison of probability of CTO estimates for
different antenna configurations
Probability of CTO estimates within
the estimation accuracy
Proposed algorithm performs better at the lower SNR values as compared to the CTO
estimation algorithm in [7]
As the number of antenna increases,
the spatial diversity is leveraged
resulting in a better performance for
higher antenna configuration
Impact of channel models
Probability of CTO estimates within the
estimation accuracy for proposed
algorithm in different channel models
The maximum probability is achieved at
10dB SNR for a 2x2 system
Motivation to use only the STF for the fine timing offset estimation
Performance of fine timing estimator
Probability distribution of fine timing estimate is plotted

Compared to the performance of simple cross correlation
based technique using LTF

System model
2x2, 3x3 and 4x4 antenna configurations
MIMO Channel model
TGn channel models

Comparison of probability of FTO estimates with
LTF based FTO estimator
The estimation accuracy is defined with
the range [0, 3].
Computationally complex LTF based FTO
LTF will have slightly better performance
as compared to proposed technique
The probabilities of the FTO estimates
within the estimation accuracy is
plotted for the 3x3 and 4x4 systems of
mixed mode.
Due to better noise averaging
Conclusion
A low complexity time synchronization algorithm is proposed

The proposed techniques performs better even at lower SNRs.

Using only STF, a single coarse and fine timing estimation
technique will be used for both the high throughput modes

Same performance is achieved as LTF based timing
synchronization

Thereby reducing total complexity of the system
References
[1]. IEEE P802.11n/D2.00, Draft standard for Information Technology-Telecommunications
and information exchange between systems-Local and metropolitan area networks-Specific
requirements-, Feb 2007

[2]. IEEE 802.11a standard, ISO/IEC 8802-11:1999/Amd 1:2000(E),
http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.11a-1999.pdf

[3]. IEEE 802.11g standard, Further Higher-Speed Physical Layer Extension inthe2.4GHzBand,
http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download /802. 11g-2003.pdf

[4] T. M. Schmidl and D.C. Cox, Robust Frequency and Timing Synchronization for OFDM,
IEEE Trans. on Communications, vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 1613-1621, Dec. 1997.

[5]. A. N. Mody and G.L. Stuber, Synchronization for MIMO-OFDM systems, in Proc. IEEE
Global Commun. Conf., vol. 1, pp.509-513, Nov.2001

[6] A. Van Zelst and Tim C. W. Schenk, Implementation of MIMO-OFMD based Wireless LAN
systems, IEEE Trans. On Signal Proc. Vol. 52, No.2, pp. 483-494, Feb 2004

[7] Jianhua Liu and Jian Li, A MIMO system with backward compatibility for OFDM based
WLANs, EURASIP journal on Applied signal processing. Pp. 696-706, May 2004

[8] IEEE P802.11 TGn channel models, May 10 2004,http://www.ece. ariz
ona.edu/~yanli/files/11-03-0940-04-000n-tgn-channel-models.doc
Low Complexity MIMO-OFDM System for
High Speed WLANs
Presentation Outline
Introduction
System model and channel model
MIMO-OFDM
1
detection techniques
Proposed Group ordered MMSE V-BLAST
2
detection
Simulation results
Conclusion
1
MIMO-OFDM Multiple input multiple output Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
2
MMSE V-BLAST Minimum mean square error Vertical bell labs layered space time system
Introduction
MIMO-OFDM is a promising technique to increase data
transmission rate in wireless frequency selective fading
channels[1,2]

The key technique behind the MIMO-OFDM system is the spatial
detection at the receiver
X
( )
t
N
X k
Spatial
Demux
OFDM TX
Spatial
Detection
OFDM TX
OFDM RX
OFDM RX
Spatial
Mux
1
( ) X k
1
( ) x n
( )
t
N
x n
1
( ) w n
( )
r
N
w n
X
1
( )
t
N
h n
1
( )
r
N
h n
11
( ) h n
( )
t t
N N
h n
( )
r
N
y n
1
( ) y n
t
N
r
N
1 1
channel
Transmitter Receiver
1
(1) Y
1
( ) Y N
(1)
r
N
Y
( )
r
N
Y N
802.11n MIMO OFDM baseband
transmitter
1

Spatial
mappin
g
S
t
r
e
a
m

P
a
r
s
e
r

FEC
Encod
er

Enc
oder
Pars
er
Sc
ra
m
bl
er
1

FEC
Encod
er
Interleaver

QAM
Mapper
Interleaver

QAM
Mapper
IFFT
&
CP
IFFT
&
CP
ES
N
1
ss
N
1
t
N
802.11n MIMO-OFDM baseband transmitter
802.11n MIMO-OFDM baseband receiver
1
1
802.11n MIMO OFDM baseband
receiver
CP
&
FFT

Spatial
Detector
and
demappin
g
(Zero
forcing,
MMSE,
SIC, etc)
CP
&
FFT
r
N
QAM
De-Mapper
De
interleaver
QAM
De-Mapper
De
interleaver
De
scr
am
ble
r

M
U
X
D
E
C
O
D
E
R

D
E
C
O
D
E
R

Strea
m
De-
parser

ss
N
ES
N
1
Decoded
bits
RX
antennas
Signal model and MIMO channel
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t
N
m l lm m
l
y n x n h n w n
=
= - +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) k k k k = + Y H X W
( ) [ ( ) ( ). ( )]
r
T
1 2 N
k Y k Y k Y k = Y . . .
( ) [ ( ) ( ). ( )]
t
T
1 2 N
k X k X k X k = X . . .
( ) [ ( ) ( ). ( )]
r
T
1 2 N
k W k W k W k = W . . .
After removing cyclic prefix and FFT operations, the received
signal vector corresponding to subcarrier (bar over a variable
represents vector)
Received signal:
where
Transmit signal vector
Additive white Gaussian Noise
th
k
(1)
11 12 1
21
1
( ) ( ) . ( )
( ) . . .
( )
. . . .
( ) . . ( )
r
t t r
N
N N N
H k H k H k
H k
k
H k H k
(
(
(
=
(
(
(

H
Channel matrix at the subcarrier
Signal model and MIMO channel
th
k
MIMO detection is done in all the subcarriers in a similar
fashion.
For simplicity, we drop the index k and the received signal
is given as

The elements in are independent and identically distributed
(iid) zero mean and circularly symmetric complex Gaussian
random variables with variance
2
v
o
= + Y HX W
W
MIMO Detection Techniques
MIMO Detection
techniques
Non-linear
(ML)
Low BER
High complexity
Embedded
(V-BLAST)
Low BER
Moderate complexity
Linear
(MMSE, ZF)
High BER
Low complexity
Modified

Group ordered
MMSE V-BLAST
Low BER
Low complexity

Proposed system
MMSE
V-BLAST
Proposed
BER
SNR
Performance
Complexity
V-BLAST
Proposed
MMSE
Complex
computations
SNR
Zero Forcing
MMSE
2
argmin -
e
est
X A
X = Y HX A is the constellation set
Complexity , M is the order of the constellation ) O(M
t
N
ML Detection
est
X =GY
where where
1
)
H H
=(

G H H H
2 1
)
H H
t v
=( N

o G H H + I H
Complexity
3
)
t
O( N
Complexity
3
)
t
O( N
Noise enhancement
Noise variance computation
is an overhead
est
X =GY
Successive Interference cancellation (SIC):
With ordering : Order of detection based on SINR, stream with largest
SINR is selected in each iteration [4] (V-BLAST with MMSE/ZF solution)
Without ordering : Order of detection is selected randomly
MMSE V-BLAST:
Combined MMSE and iterative SIC
Transmit signal from each antenna is detected at each iteration
Interference due to the detected signal is cancelled form
the received signal
Repeat the iteration until all the signals are transmitted
MMSE V-BLAST

MMSE solution
and ordering
criterion
Sort in
ascending
and store
the index
in
Interference
cancellation
H 2 -1
v
H H + M I) = (
H
G= MH
p Re{diag(M)} =
H
2
v
o
p
q
Y
est
X (q)
Values in P
represents the SINR
for each stream
First value in q
corresponds to the stream
with largest SINR
Detect the stream
corresponding to
first index in q
Detect the
stream
Corresponding to
q(1)
Obtain ,
,
2
H
2
G
2
p
2
M
H
2
v
o
Repeat the steps
until all the streams
are detected
Y
MMSE V-BLAST Algorithm
( ) ( )
H
est q
X q Quant = g Y
2
t v
( +N )
H -1 H
G= H H I H
( )
est
X q =
q
Y Y h
Complexity
3 2
3 2
1
6 2
2
t
N
t t
i
N N
i i i
=
| |
+
+ + +
|
\ .
th
q H H
( )
j
q=arg min diag( ) M
where
2 1
( )
H
t v
N M

o = H H + I
1. Obtain MMSE solution

2. Find the detection order using the criterion below [5]

3. Initial Nulling and detection

4. Interference cancellation

5. Recursion
Obtain new by replacing the column of with zeros.
Repeat from step 1 until all the streams are detected.
Group Ordered MMSE V-BLAST
Concept of proposed detector
1. Group the streams that face similar channel conditions
2. Use same MMSE solution to detect all the streams in that group
3. SIC is applied inside and across the groups
4. Since the MMSE solution is calculated for each group,
there is a reduction in the complexity of detection.

GO MMSE V-BLAST can be implemented in 2 ways
1. Fixed method
2. Adaptive method

Group ordered MMSE- V-BLAST (fixed)

MMSE solution
and ordering
criterion
Sort
and store
the index
in

SIC
Interference
cancellation
Obtain ,
,
Group 1
Group 2
q(0)
t
N
q - 1
2
| |
|
\ .
t
N
q
2
| |
|
\ .
1)
t
q(N
SIC
2
Y
H 2 -1
v
H H + M I) = (
H
G= MH
p Re{diag(M)} =
H
2
v
o
p
q
Y
2
H
2
G
2
p
2
M
H
2
v
o
est
(q) X
est
(q) X
Find MMSE solution
2 1
( )
H H
t v
N

= + o G H H I H
Re{diag( )} = p M
Calculate , sort it and store the index in
p q
where
Grouping:
Group1 Streams corresponding to
Group2 Streams corresponding to
( ) 0,1,... / 2 1
t
q v v N =
( ) / 2,... 1
t t
q v v N N =
Apply ordered SIC to detect streams in Group1 using the
MMSE solution and store it in G ( ) (0), (1),.. ( / 2 1)
est t
X v v q q q N =
Cancel the interference due to from
( )
est
X v
[ / 2 1]
[0]
( )
t
q N
m est
m q
X m
=
=
2
Y Y h
Algorithm :
(2)
Y
Obtain the MMSE solution for Group2
2 1
( )
H H
t v
N

= + o
2 2 2 2
G H H I H
where is obtained by replacing the columns of
corresponding to index of detected streams with zeros
2
H
H
Using and , apply ordered SIC to detect streams in
Group2 and store it in
t t est
X (v) v = q(N /2),...q(N - 1)
2
G
2
Y
Complexity
3 2
3 2
/ 2,
6 2
2
t t
t t
i N N
N N
i i i
=
| |
+
+ + +
|
|
\ .

Group ordered MMSE- V-BLAST (adaptive)
Obtain and from
G
p
Normalize with respect to its minimum value
p
norm
min
=
p
p
p
Grouping:
Group streams corresponding to and
store the index in (threshold is1.5, 1.25)
norm
thres s p
q
Y
Using and , apply ordered SIC to detect streams
in the group and store it in
G
est
X
Cancel the interference due to from
Y
est
X
Obtain , , and corresponding to
2
G
Y
2
H norm
p
2
G
Repeat from step 3 until all the streams are detected
Algorithm :
Simulation and Discussion
Uncoded system:
Number of transmit antennas = 4
Number of receive antennas = 4
Modulation = QPSK
Number of subcarriers = 64
Cyclic prefix length = 16 samples
MIMO channel TGn channel model D
Max Delay spread of channel D = 390ns
Spatial distance between antennas = 0.5
For adaptive scheme thres = 1.75 and 2

GO MMSE V-BLAST (fixed)
In uncoded MIMO-OFDM
system the fixed group
ordering performs better
than MMSE
The computations required is
slightly more than MMSE but
less than MMSE V-BLAST
GO MMSE V-BLAST (Adaptive)
In uncoded MIMO-OFDM
system the adaptive group
ordering almost approaches
the performance of original
V-BLAST
As thres value decreases,
the performance approaches
the MMSE V-BLAST
When thres=1, the
performance of proposed
scheme is similar to MMSE
V-BLAST
Performance under various channel models
In channel C and B, the
system performs poorly due its
high condition numbers
Performance of the system in
the most representative channel
model D is good.
SNR at BER=10
-4
for fixed
scheme and adaptive scheme
under all the channel models
Coded GO MMSE VBLAST
4x4 MIMO OFDM system from EWC proposal for 802.11n
standardization [7]
Convolutional encoder with coding rate =
Interleaving across the streams and across subcarriers
QSPK Modulation
Uses 56 subcarriers for useful data with 16 samples as cyclic
prefix length
Channel model D with maximum delay spread of 390 ns
Spatial distance between antennas = 0.5
For adaptive scheme thres = 1.75 and 2


Coded GO MMSE VBLAST (fixed)
In coded MIMO-OFDM system
the fixed group ordering
performs better than MMSE and
is very close to MMSE V-BLAST
Coding and interleaving
exploits the frequency diversity
and provides this performance
Coded GO MMSE VBLAST (Adaptive)
In coded MIMO-OFDM
system the adaptive group
ordering performs similar to
original V-BLAST
When thres=1, the
performance of proposed
scheme is similar to the
performance MMSE V-BLAST
Performance under various channel models
In channel C and B, the
system performs poorly due its
high condition numbers
Performance of the system in
the most representative channel
model D is good.
SNR at BER=10
-4
for fixed
scheme and adaptive scheme
under all the channel models
Complexity Comparison
Proposed fixed scheme requires
3360 extra computations
compared to MMSE
For Adaptive schemes, they are
computations are variable for each
subcarrier.

Spatial detection technique

No of complex operations
MMSE 22400
MMSE V-BLAST 36400
Fixed GO MMSE V-BLAST 25760
And as threshold decreases, the
computations required also
increases.
Conclusion
A Group ordered MMSE V-BLAST with low complexity has
been proposed.

The complexity required for the proposed system is slightly
larger than the MMSE but less when compared to MMSE
VBLAST.

The performance difference between group ordered and
MMSE V-BLAST is slightly large in uncoded system whereas in
coded system difference merges.

The proposed technique can be potentially used as a
detection technique for high speed WLANs
Acknowledgement
The authors like to acknowledge AAU-CSys and FUNDP-INFO for
providing the MATLAB implementation of the IEEE 802.11 HTSG
channel model. They would also like to thank Professor Laurent
Schumacher for guiding in channel model simulations.
References
[1]. G. J. Foschini and M. J. Gans, On the limits of wireless communications in a fading
environment when using multiple antennas, Wireless Personal Communications, vol.
6, no. 3, pp. 311-335, 1998.

[2]. http://www.wwise.org/11-05-0149-01-000n-wwise- proposal- high-throughput-
extension-to-802-11-standard.doc

[2]. LaurentSchumacher, Klaus I. Pedersen, Preben E. Mongensen, From antenna
spacings to theoretical capacities guidelines for simulating MIMO systems, Proc.
PIMRC 2002, pp. 587- 592, vol.2,

[3]. P. W. Wolniansky, G. J. Foschini, G. D. Golden and R. A. Valenzuela, V-BLAST: an
architecture for realizing very high data rates over the rich-scattering wireless
channel, in Proc. ISSSE, pp. 295-300, 1998

[4]. Babak Hassabi, A efficient square root algorithm for BLAST, Proc. International
Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing 2000, pages 737-740.

[5]. IEEE P802.11 TGn channel models, May 10 2004,http://www.ece. ariz
ona.edu/~yanli/files/11-03-0940-04-000n-tgn-channel-models.doc

[6]. http://www.enhancedwirelessconsortium.org/home/EWC_PHY_spec_V113.pdf

Publications
V.Sathish, S.Srikanth, Low complexity MIMO detection
technique for high speed WLANs, pp. 63-67, Proc. National
Conference RF & Baseband systems for wireless applications,
TIFAC core, Madurai, India, Dec 11-12, 2005.

Published a tutorial in www.wirelessnetdesignline.com with
title Tutorial on IEEE 802.11n systems


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Wireless communications lab, AU-KBC Research Centre