Management of Organic Vegetable Production

Head, Department of Horticulture, Dr.PDKV,Akola

Organic Vegetable Production

What is organic cultivation ? Production System which avoids or largely exclude the use of synthetically compounded fertilizer, pesticides, growth regulators and toxic plastic. Organic farming- Promote and Enhance 1) Agro Eco system

2) Maintain Biodiversity
3) Soil biological activity 4) Lead to quality production in sustainable manner

Prospects of organic Vegetable Cultivation

Sustainability in sol health.

Effective soil moisture conservation.

Improvement of quality and shelf life of produce. Effective land use through utilizing interspaces of cover cropping and green manuaring. Reduces environmental Hazards and improved public healthy.

Increased farm income through export earning and tapping the elite domestic market.
Rural employment generation.

Major Issues of Organic Production of Vegetable Crop

1) Par excellence produce quality

2) Yield equal or better than cultivational system

3)Organic Input generation at the farm village 4) Eco-friendly and cost effective thechnology

5) Continues improvement in soil fertility.

Componants organic Vegetable Cultivation

Nutrient management a) Green manuaring:- In addition of nutrients also increases
water holding capacity of soil and population of beneficial microorganism. Ex.Dhaincha, Sunhemp, b) Compost:- Traditional sourse of nutrient management.Special merit is; supply all essential micro nutrients. c) Vermicompost:-Involves the use of earhwarms as natural bioreactor for effective recycling of non toxic organic wastes of soil. d) Vermi-wash :- Prepared from the heavy population of earthwarms reared in earthen pots or plastic drum.Extract contain major micro nutrients, gibberellins and Vit. B12. Used for spraying on crop for better growth, yield and quality.
Cont.

e) Biofertilizers:Nitrogen fixing bacteria i) Rhizoboum- for leguminous crops ii) Azatobactor and Azospirillum- for non leguminous crop. iii) Phosphate solubilising bacteria(PSB)- Have ability in making unavailable soil phosphorus in to available form.

f) Biological pest management:- Use of biologically originated non

toxic and biofriendly pesticides. g) Non-chemical weed control measures.
h) Use of Resistant varieties.

Organic Farming System

1) Bio-dynamic System: 2) Rishi- Krishi:- Practiced more in Maharastra & MP Rhizospeare soil beneath Banyan tree are spread over the area to improve the biological activity.

3) Natural Farming:- It consist of treatment of seed/planting materialbefore sowing / transplanting with Bijamrita and frequent use of jiwamrita- biofrmulation through irrigation.
Bijamrita- is prepared by incubating cowdung and urine along with virgin soil and lime water is added

5) Natueco farming :It fallows the principals of eco system networking in farming system approach. Three relevant aspect of Natueco farming are. a) Soil Amrit mati( Furmantrd with cowdung & urine) b) Root Fibrous root zone , effective absorption of nutrients. c) Canopy- Proper canopy management for effective photosynthesis.

6) Homa organic farming :It came from Vedas. Agnihotra is the basic fire in Homa therapy.

It is the process of purification of the atmosphere through agency of fire.

It provides nutrients for survival, yield and quality production Ingredients:- cowdung, ghee, and rice 7) Jaivic Krishi. Can be adopted in organic production of vegetables.

Nutrient management for organic Vegetable Cultivation

Application of organic manures(30-40 tons/ ha) through NADEP, vermicompost or microbe mediated compost.
Growing of legumes for green manuaring or as inter crops.

Mulching after application of 100g CPP spray, and release of earthworm in the presence of proper moisture
Need based foliar spraying of liquid manures/vermiwash.

Pest and disease management in organic Vegetable Cultivation

Sprying of organic pesticides prepared from cow urine, neem,karanj, Caliotropis, castor or custard apple.
Spraying of casuarinas extract for control of fungal diseases. Spraying of fresh cowdung for control of bacterial diseases.

ITK Practices in organic vegetable production

1) Panchagaviya: It is used for spraying on vegetable in Tamilnadu. The Panchakaviya contains Cow dung, cow urine, cow milk, cow curd and cow ghee in equal proportion.

This mixture is spraying at 15 to 20 days interval @ 5% to 10% without applying any inorganic fertilizer. The vegetable remains in disease free, good quality and taste.

ITK Practices in organic vegetable production

2) Jivamrute:
The Jivamrute contains Cow dung Cow urine Black juggary Gram floor Water 60 kg 10 lit. 2 kg 2 kg 200 lit.

This mixture keeps for fermentation for 7 days. After that it mixed with irrigation water which will sufficient for one acre. After applying this there is no need to apply any other chemical fertilizer and yield is same that obtained from the application of chemical fertilizer.

ITK Practices in organic vegetable production

3) Dashparni :- Used for control of all type of pest
-Take 100 liter of water - Add fresh leaves crush of following plants Plant Name Quantity(Kg)
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) Kadu Nimb (Azadtracta indica)Papaya Karanj Sitafal Jatropha Kanher Dhatura (White) Rui (Calotrophis) Nirgudi / Gulwel Ghaneri (Lantena camera) 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

- Add 5kg cowdung & urine each - Add 2 kg hot green chilli crush & 250gm garlic crush - Incubate for 30 days with daily stirring steering - Use @250 ml in 10 lit. of water for spraying

ITK Practices in organic vegetable production

4) Use of Babul leaves to control blight in tomato, potato

- Crush 1 kg leaves of babul - Add 2 lit. water - Boil up to water quantity become half - Mix this in 100 lit water - Use for spraying

Table 1. Botanical pesticides traditionally used for pest control in vegetable crops

Pesticide
Neem Dharek Pyrethrum

Main Source
Azadirachta indica A. Juss Melia azedarach L. Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium (Treviranus)

Retenone

Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth., Lonchocarpus nicou (Aubl.) DC,

Tephrosia vogelii Hook f., Amorpha fruticosa Nicotina tabacum Linnaeus, N. rustica Linnaeus, N. glauca

Nicotine

Table 1. Botanical pesticides traditionally used for pest control in vegetable crops

Pesticide
Neem Dharek Pyrethrum

Main Source
Azadirachta indica A. Juss Melia azedarach L. Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium (Treviranus)

Retenone

Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth., Lonchocarpus nicou (Aubl.) DC,

Tephrosia vogelii Hook f., Amorpha fruticosa Nicotina tabacum Linnaeus, N. rustica Linnaeus, N. glauca

Nicotine

Componants organic Vegetable Cultivation

Nutrient management a) Green manuaring:- In addition of nutrients also increases
water holding capacity of soil and population of beneficial microorganism. Ex.Dhaincha, Sunhemp, b) Compost:- Traditional sourse of nutrient management.Special merit is; supply all essential micro nutrients. c) Vermicompost:-Involves the use of earhwarms as natural bioreactor for effective recycling of non toxic organic wastes of soil. d) Vermi-wash :- Prepared from the heavy population of earthworms reared in earthen pots or plastic drum.Extract contain major micro nutrients, gibberellins and Vit. B12. Used for spraying on crop for better growth, yield and quality.
Cont.

e) Biofertilizers:Nitrogen fixing bacteria i) Rhizoboum- for leguminous crops ii) Azatobactor and Azospirillum- for non leguminous crop. iii) Phosphate solubilising bacteria(PSB)- Have ability in making unavailable soil phosphorus in to available form.

f) Biological pest management:- Use of biologically originated non

toxic and biofriendly pesticides. g) Non-chemical weed control measures.
h) Use of Resistant varieties.

Resistant varieties as component in organic farming

Table 1. Disease resistant/tolerant varieties of vegetable.

Crop/Disease
Tomato
i)Bacterial wilt ii) Leaf curl virus iii) Fusarium wilt

Nematode
Arka Alok, Arka Abha, Utkal Deepti Hissar Anmol (H-24), H-36 Pant Bahar

Brinjal
Okra

i)Bacterial wilt ii)Phomopsis rot

i) YVM

Arka Keshav,Arka Nidhi and Arka Nilkanth Pusa Bhairav

Arka abhay, Arka Anamika, Varsha Upahar Arka Kalyan,IHR-56-1, Pusa Red Poona Red, Bellari Red, Pusa Jwala, Pusa Sadabahar, Pant C-1 Utkal Rashmi, AAUM-1, AAUM-2. Arka Gaurav PRS-4, JP-4,Arka Ajit, Pant-5, HPF-4 Arka Manik

Onoin i) Purple blotch

Brown Rot

Chilli

i) Leaf curl virus ii) Bacterial wilt

Capsicum i) Bacterial wilt Peas

i) Powdery mildew

Watermelon

i) Powdery mildew & Anthracnose

Resistant varieties as component in organic farming

Table 1. Insect pest resistant/tolerant varieties of vegetable.

Crop/Pest
Tomato
i)Fruit Borer ii) Root knot nematodes iii) White fly, Aphid

Nematode
Pusa Upahar Pusa-120, Hissar Lalit Punjab Chamkili
Green acre and Red Rock Mammonth Sel.2-2, Siswal Local, Lucknow Special. Pusa A-4, Red Bhindi Pusa Ratnar, Kakynpur Red Round Udaypur-103, Safed Gol. NP 46A, Pusa Jwala, Pant C-1 Klyanpur Red, LEC-1, Punjab Lal, Pant C-1. California wonder, Yellow wonder

Cabbage Okra

i) Cbbage butter fly

i) Jassid ii) Shoot & fruit borer

Onoin i) Thrips

Chilli

i) Thrips ii) Mites and Aphid

Capsicum i) White fly

Advantages of organic vegetable production:

Improve tilth, condition and structure of soil. Improve the ability of soil to hold water Improve the ability of soil to hold nutrient Improves "buffering" capacity of soil; that is keeps soil from "over reacting Supports the soil's microbiological activity. Helps vegetable survive stress, as from nematodes. Vegetable produced by organic manure possess good firmness and have long storage life. It also prevent infestation of the harmful pathogens like Fusarium and Rhizoctonia in vegetable crop.

Recent advances in Organic Vegetable Production

onion
Warade et al. (1995) in their studies on yield of onion bulbs cv. B-750' revealed that the increase in the onion yield can be obtained by FYM @ 40 t/ha along with mineral fertilizer @ 75 : 50 : 50 NPK kg-1 and inoculation with A. brasilence there by saving 25% nitrogen.

Organic cultivation in tomato

Season Rabi (Nov-April)
Sr. No. Treatment Yield (q/ha) Total 1 FYM (50% N) + Cotton seed cake (50% N) 2 RDF (300:150:150) without FYM
Note : 2nd year Permanent sight experiment. Treatment 1. FYM (50% N) + Cotton seed cake (50% N) + Vermiphos (P) + SOP (K) (30 t/ha) (2.34 t/ha) (0.5 t/ha) (0.1 t/ha) 2. RDF (300:150:150) without FYM Package : Neem cake 200 kg/ha + T. viride 4 g/kg + Azospirillum 200 g/10 lit. + PSB 200 g/10 lit. Plant protection : NSKE 4%, HaNPV 1 ml/litre, Bt 1 g/litre (M. Sc. Thesis, 2005)

(F1 cv. Phule Raja)

B:C ratio Marketabl e 718.37 2.00 Fruit borer (%) 3.20

Pest and disease incidence Late blight (%) 7.50 SWV (%)

748.37

3.40

743.60

718.66

3.63

4.01

8.11

3.36

Organic farming with FYM

Organic Farming in Tomato

for processing (cv. Dhanashree)
Kharif 06
Fruit yield (t/ha) FYM (60T/ha) + BF 25.03 Marketable yield (%) 84.50 Fruit yield (t/ha) 36.55 Treatment

Rabi 06-07
Marketable yield (%) 94.80

V.C ( 20t/ha ) + BF
N.C (6 t/ha)+ BF RDF + FYM (20t/ha)

23.10
20.26 26.62

82.60
79.52 89.07

42.06
23.93 53.81

96.17
94.32 96.82

RDF alone

23.10

89.00

39.59

95.23

RDF BF Package

: Recommended Dose of fertilizer (200:100:100) : Bio-fertilizers i.e. Azosperillum + PSB + Azotobacter For organic plant protection included 4% NSKE, HaNPV, Bt, Verticillium, Trichoderma

T9

T6

Organic cultivation of cucumber (var. Himangi)

Sr. No. 1 Treatment

Season Kharif and summer

Yield (q/ha) Summer

B:C ratio

Kharif
166.93 (+24.58%) 173.53 (+30.01%) 134.40

Summer 1.49

Kharif
1.22

FYM (25% N) + Poultry manure (75% N)

186.13 (+20.20%) 191.00 (+23.44%) 154.73

Cotton seed cake (25% N) + Poultry manure (75% N)

1.56

1.32

Control (RDF + FYM 20 t/ha)

1.54

1.19

Note : Green mannuring with Dhaincha.

Treatment 1. FYM (25% N) + Poultry manure (75% N) + Vermiphos (P) + SOP (K) (5 t/ha) (2.6 t/ha) (0.5 t/ha) (0.1 t/ha)

2. Cotton seed cake (25% N) + Poultry manure (75% N) + Vermiphos + SOP (0.64 t/ha) (2.6 t/ha) (0.5 t/ha) (0.1 t/ha) 3. Control RDF (100:50:50) + FYM (20 t/ha) Package : Neem cake 200 kg/ha + T. viride 4 g/kg + Azotobacter 200 g/10 kg + Azospirillum 200 g/10 kg + PSB 200 g/10 kg Plant protection : NSKE 4% (M. Sc. Thesis, 2004)

Cucumber
Combined application of biofertilizers (Azospirillum, Phosphobacteria and VAM) and organic manure (FYM) in cucumber had a beneficial effect on growth, reproductive behaviours and yield of marketable produce.

The dose- is FYM 30 t/ha + Azospirillum at 2 kg/ha as soil application + phosphobacteria at 2 kg/ha as soil application in the mainfield
Nirmala and Vadivel (1999)

Organic cultivation of bitter gourd (var. Phule Green Gold), Season : (August-Feb.)
Sr. No. Treatment Yield (q/ha) B:C ratio

FYM (25% N) + Poultry manure (75%

N)

250.20
(+7.75%) 263.33 (+13.40%)

1.83

Neem cake (25% N) + Poultry manure (75% N)

1.98

Control (RDF + FYM 20 t/ha)

232.20

1.99

Note : Green mannuring with Dhaincha. Treatment 1. FYM (25% N) + Poultry manure (75% N) + Vermicompost (P) + SOP (K) (3 t/ha) (2.47 t/ha) (0.5 t/ha) (0.1 t/ha)

2. Neem cake (25% N) + Poultry manure (75% N) + Vermicompost + SOP (0.7 t/ha) (2.47 t/ha) (0.5 t/ha) (0.1 t/ha) 3. Control RDF (100:50:50) + FYM (20 t/ha) Package : Neem cake 200 kg/ha + T. viride 4 g/kg + Azotobacter 200 g/10 kg + Azospirillum 200 g/10 kg + PSB 200 g/10 kg + FYM 20 t/ha Plant protection : NSKE 4% (M. Sc. Thesis, 2005)

Organic cultivation of cabbage

(var. Golden Acre), Season : Rabi
Treatment Inorganic (RDF without FYM) (160:80:80 NPK kg/ha with trap crop - mustard) Organic package* Recommended as STCR with trap crop Yield (q/ha) 329.82 Sr. No. 1 No. of DBM larvae 4.00

2 3

297.68 (-9.74%) 346.42 (5.03%)

2.60 4.13

* Package : FYM @ 20 t/ha + Neem cake 250 kg/ha + T. viride 6.20 kg/ha + Azospirillum 250 g/10 lit. + PSB 250 g/10 lit. + NSKE 4% + HaNPV @ 10 ml/10 lit. + Bt @ 10 ml/10 lit. + Trichoderma @ 50 g/10 lit. + Trap crop (M. Sc. Thesis, 2003)

Organic cultivation of Onion (var. N-2-4-1),

Season : Rabi 2005
Yield (t/ha) No. of thrips/ plant 1 GRDF (100:50:50 kg NPK + 20 t FYM/ha i.e. (200:180:226) + chemical spray 2 FYM 20 t/ha + NC 1 t/ha + CSC 0.8 t/ha (201:162:211) + NSKE 4% + 29.82 29.92 35.15 30.25 6.147 Sr. No. Treatment Per cent Disease Intensity 22.09

Trichoderma 0.5%
3 FYM 30 t/ha + NC 1 t/ha + CSC 0.8 t/ha (251:227:299) + NSKE 4% + 31.88 30.04 36.29

Trichoderma 0.5%

CC, MPKV, Rahuri

Organic cultivation of Onion (var. N-2-4-1),

Season : Rabi 2006
Yield (t/ha) 35.96 Sr. No. 1 Treatment No. of thrips/ plant 17.05 Per cent Disease Intensity 11.48

FYM 20 t/ha + 100% RDF + Biofertilizers + Chemical spray

FYM 20 t/ha + 100% N through organic cakes + Biofertilizers + NSKE 4%

28.00

60.32

57.53

FYM 20 t/ha + 75% N through Vermicomost + 25% N through CSC +

29.00

57.57

52.99

NC + Biofertilizers + NSKE 4%
4 5 FYM 20 t/ha + Bija + Amrut + NSKE 4% FYM 20 t/ha + Bija + Jeeva + NSKE 4% 28.02 26.25 77.57 57.62

CC, MPKV, Rahuri 77.57 59.14

Samarth), Season : Kharif 2005

Sr. No. 1 Treatment BP sheet mulch Yield of marketable bulbs (q/ha) 28.48 (+39.67%) 2 WP sheet mulch 23.96 (+17.51%) 3 Wheat straw 26.65 5.09 1.66 C:B ratio 1.57

Effect of mulches on Onion (Phule

(+15.98%)
4 Sugarcane trash 28.69 (+40.70%) 5 Control 20.39 4.21 6.63

CC, MPKV, Rahuri

Sugarcane trash

Black polyethene mulch Wheat straw

White polyethene mulch

Control

Chilli
Hangrge

of green chilli

et al. (2002) reported the highest yield

The

dose is- vermicompost coir pith compost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + organic booster @ 1 lit m-2 recorded highest green fruit chilli yield.

Garden pea:
"Effect of Azotobacter and rhizobium treatment on growth, yield and quality of garden pea". The heighest yield was obtained due to combined culture treatment of Az. + Rh.
Choudhary et al. (1982)

FUTURE THRUST IN ORGANIC VEGETABLE FARMING

More premium prices : Perishable nature, higher cost on nutrition & plant protection, initial yield graps . To promote processing of organic vegetables : Export potential. Highly potential vegetable crops : Turmeric, ginger, onion and garlic (spices), colocasia, drumsticks. To strengthen management. research on disease

CONCLUSION

Conversion of RDF in organic form

noticed

beneficial

to

maintain

yield

levels in vegetable crops.

Use

of

mulch,

biofertilizers

and

biopesticides found effective in organic vegetable farming.

The seasonal effect observed promising

to lower down disease & pest incidence.

Promotion of organic farming

Through

1) Training programme

2) Field demonstrations
3) Setting up model organic farm & market development

4) OFT on recommended technologies

Financial assistance under NHM is provided for

1) Setting up Vermi compost unit 2) Organic farming certification Good agricultural practices (GAP) 3)Organic cultivation for vegetable crops viz,. Brinjal, garlic, onion,potato, tomato

FUTURE THRUST IN ORGANIC VEGETABLE FARMING

More premium prices : Perishable nature, higher cost on nutrition & plant protection, initial yield graps . To promote processing of organic vegetables : Export potential. Highly potential vegetable crops : Turmeric, ginger, onion and garlic (spices), colocasia, drumsticks. To strengthen management. research on disease

CONCLUSION

Conversion of RDF in organic form

noticed

beneficial

to

maintain

yield

levels in vegetable crops.

Use

of

mulch,

biofertilizers

and

biopesticides found effective in organic vegetable farming.

The seasonal effect observed promising

to lower down disease & pest incidence.