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    Garbage Collection

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    Daljeet Kaur Dhaliwal
    Garbage collection is a mechanism used in programming languages to automatically free up memory occupied by objects that are no longer needed by the program. Most modern languages use garbage collection to manage memory. There are three main garbage collection schemes - reference counting keeps track of references to each object and frees it when the count reaches zero, mark-and-sweep traces references from root objects and marks reachable objects before freeing unmarked ones, and stop-and-copy pauses program execution to copy live objects between two heap regions and frees the unused region.

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    Garbage Collection

    Uploaded by

    Daljeet Kaur Dhaliwal
    16 views10 pages
    Garbage collection is a mechanism used in programming languages to automatically free up memory occupied by objects that are no longer needed by the program. Most modern languages use garbage collection to manage memory. There are three main garbage collection schemes - reference counting keeps track of references to each object and frees it when the count reaches zero, mark-and-sweep traces references from root objects and marks reachable objects before freeing unmarked ones, and stop-and-copy pauses program execution to copy live objects between two heap regions and frees the unused region.

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    Garbage collection is a mechanism used in programming languages to automatically free up memory occupied by objects that are no longer needed by the program. Most modern languages use garbage collection to manage memory. There are three main garbage collection schemes - reference counting keeps track of references to each object and frees it when the count reaches zero, mark-and-sweep traces references from root objects and marks reachable objects before freeing unmarked ones, and stop-and-copy pauses program execution to copy live objects between two heap regions and frees the unused region.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    16 views10 pages

    Garbage Collection

    Uploaded by

    Daljeet Kaur Dhaliwal
    Garbage collection is a mechanism used in programming languages to automatically free up memory occupied by objects that are no longer needed by the program. Most modern languages use garbage collection to manage memory. There are three main garbage collection schemes - reference counting keeps track of references to each object and frees it when the count reaches zero, mark-and-sweep traces references from root objects and marks reachable objects before freeing unmarked ones, and stop-and-copy pauses program execution to copy live objects between two heap regions and frees the unused region.

    Copyright:

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    Garbage Collection

    The name "garbage collection" implies that objects that are no longer needed by the program are "garbage" and can be thrown away. A garbage collector automatically searches out garbage and reallocates it Practically every modern language, except C/C++, uses a garbage collector

    What is Garbage Collection?


    What is Garbage Collection?
    Finding garbage and reclaiming memory allocated to it.

    Why Garbage Collection?


    the heap space occupied by an un-referenced object can be recycled and made available for subsequent new objects

    When is the Garbage Collection process invoked?


    When the total memory allocated to a Java program exceeds some threshold.

    Is a running program affected by garbage collection?


    Yes, the program suspends during garbage collection.

    Garbage Collection
    What is garbage and how can we deal with it?

    Garbage collection schemes


    Reference Counting Mark and Sweep Stop and Copy

    Advantages of Garbage Collection


    GC eliminates the need for the programmer to deallocate memory blocks explicitly . Disadvantages of Garbage Collection

    Garbage collection adds an overhead that can affect program performance.


    GC requires extra memory. Programmers have less control over the scheduling of CPU time.

    Common Garbage Collection Schemes


    Three main methods of garbage collection:
    Reference counting

    Mark-and-sweep
    Stop-and-copy garbage collection.

    Reference Counting Garbage Collection

    Count for each object. Count increases as number of reference increases. Eligible for GC when count equals zero. Disadvantages Overhead of incrementing and decrementing reference count.

    Mark-and-Sweep Garbage Collection


    The mark-and-sweep algorithm is divided into two phases:
    Mark phase: the garbage collector traverses the graph of references from the root nodes and marks each heap object it encounters. Each object has an extra bit: the mark bit initially the mark bit is 0. It is set to 1 for the reachable objects in the mark phase. Sweep phase: the GC scans the heap looking for objects with mark bit 0 these objects have not been visited in the mark phase they are garbage. Any such object is added to the free list of objects that can be reallocated. The objects with a mark bit 1 have their mark bit reset to 0.

    Stop-and-Copy Garbage Collection


    The heap is divided into two regions: Active and Inactive. Objects are allocated from the active region only. When all the space in the active region has been exhausted, program execution is stopped and the heap is traversed. Live objects are copied to the other region as they are encountered by the traversal. The role of the two regions is reversed, i.e., swap (active, inactive).

    Stop-and-Copy Garbage Collection (cont'd)


    A graphical depiction of a garbage-collected heap that uses a stop and copy algorithm. This figure shows nine snapshots of the heap over time:

    Generational Collectors
    Based on lifetimes of objects. Short lived objects Long lived objects Collection of short lived objects done more often. Heap is divided into two or more sub heaps Objects are promoted to different heaps based on survival.

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