Introduction to Wind Energy

Prof. M. P. Poonia MNIT, Jaipur

All numbers in MW 31-1-2010 % of Total Thermal Coal based Gas based Oil based Thermal Total Hydro Renewable Nuclear 82,096 17,056 1,200 100,352 36,885 15,427 4,120 47% 10% 1% 57% 21% 9% 2% 11% 92,418 17,706 1,200 111,324 37,367 18,454 4,780 19,509 48% 9% 1% 58% 20% 10% 2% 10% 10,322 650 10,972 482 3,027 660 13% 4% 0% 11% 1% 20% 16% 0% 28-02-2011 % of Total Increase % Change

Captive power 19,509 connected to the grid

Capacity additions

All numbers in MW Year Wind Solar Biomass/Bagasse Cogeneration Small hydro

Capacity Cumulative Cumulative additions capacity at capacity till for Year the end of 2009 11,806 12 2,200 2,736 2010 1,259 5.5 360 204 2010 13,065 18 2,560 2,940 % of Total 70% 0.1% 14% 16%

Waste to power

65
16,819

7.5
1,836

72
18,655

0.4%

State Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Karnataka Kerala

Gross potential (MW) 8275 9675 6620 875

Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra Orissa Rajasthan Tamil Nadu West Bengal Total (All India)

5500
3650 1700 5400 3050 450 45195

Wind Energy

Historical overview
Wind has been used by people for over 3000 years for grinding grain and pumping water Windmills were an important part of life for many communities beginning around 1200 BC. Wind was first used for electricity generation in the late 19th century.

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History of Wind Energy Contd

Jacobs Turbine 1920 - 1960

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History of Wind Energy Contd

Smith-Putnam Turbine Vermont, 1940's

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Modern Wind Turbines

Buffalo Ridge, Minnesota

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Modern Wind Turbine

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Mod 1 (2 MW)

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Orientation
Turbines can be categorized into two overarching classes based on the orientation of the rotor
Vertical Axis Horizontal Axis

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Vertical Axis Turbines

Advantages Disadvantages

Omnidirectional Rotors generally near ground where the wind is Accepts wind from any poorer angle Components can be mounted at ground level Ease of service Lighter weight towers Can theoretically use less materials to capture the same amount of wind Poor self-starting capabilities Overall poor performance/efficiency and reliability Have never been commercially successful

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Horizontal Axis Turbines

Advantages
High hub heights Larger wind velocities High efficiency: lower cost per power output ratio Ability to yaw into the wind Commercially successful Disadvantages Mechanically complex: gearbox and pitch actuators Restricted servicing of generator and gearbox

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Two types of HAWT

DOWNWIND TURBINE UPWIND TURBINE

Types of Wind Turbines

Small (10 kW)
Homes Farms Remote Applications
(e.g. water pumping, telecom sites, icemaking)

Intermediate (10-250 kW)

Village Power Hybrid Systems Distributed Power

Large (250 kW - 2+MW)

Central Station Wind Farms Distributed Power

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Rotor

Hub

Drive train Yaw system

Column
1D steady wind flow (12m/s)

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A Typical HAWT

 Number of blades
Three blade HAWT are most efficient Two blade turbines dont require a hub

As the number increases; noise, wear and cost increase

and efficiency decreases Multiple blade turbines are generally used for water pumping purposes

Offshore turbines
More wind speeds Less noise pollution Less visual impact

Difficult to install and maintain

Energy losses due long distance transport

Calculation of Wind Power

Power
= Work / t
= Kinetic Energy / t

= mV2 / t

= (AV)V2 = AV2(V) = AV3

Effect of air density,
Effect of swept area, A Effect of wind speed, V Swept Area: A = R2

R R

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Type of Wind
Force Strength km/h Effect

0 1 2 3 4

Calm Light air Light breeze Gentle breeze Moderate breeze

0-1 1-5 6-11 12-19 20-29

Smoke rises vertically Smoke drifts slowly Wind felt on face; leaves rustle Twigs move; light flag unfurls Dust and paper blown about; small branches move

5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Fresh breeze
Strong breeze Near gale Gale Strong gale Storm Violent Storm Hurricane

30-39
40-50 51-61 62-74 75-87 88-101 102-117 Over 119

Wavelets on inland water; small trees move

Large branches sway; umbrellas turn inside out Whole trees sway; difficult to walk against wind Twigs break off trees; walking very hard Chimney pots, roof tiles and branches blown down Widespread damage to buildings Widespread damage to buildings Devastation

The Wind Resource

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Velocity with Height

Power vs. Velocity

Status of Wind Energy

Available potential in India

Wind is currently the worlds fastest growing energy source

Predicted Questions
Whats the real story with bird kills?
What about bats?

What happens to electricity when the wind doesnt blow? How noisy are wind turbines? Do wind turbines interfere with electrical power quality or TV and radio transmissions?

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Impacts of Wind Power: Noise

Modern turbines are relatively quiet Rule of thumb stay about 3x hub-height away from houses

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Noise
Noise used to be a very serious problem for the wind energy industry.
annoying from as much as a mile away

Aerodynamics and soundproofing have been improved significantly. Wind turbines operate when the wind is blowing, which tends to be louder than turbine noise. A modern operating wind farm at a distance of 750 to 1,000 feet is no noisier than a kitchen refrigerator or a moderately quiet room.
http://www.awea.org/pubs/factsheets/WE_Noise.pdf
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Shadow flicker
A wind turbine's moving blades can cast a moving shadow on a nearby residence, depending on the time of the year and time of day. Normally, it should not be a problem in the U.S., because at U.S. latitudes (except in Alaska) the sun's angle is not very low in the sky.

http://www.awea.org/faq/wwt_environment.html#Bird%20and%20bat%20kills%20and%20other%20effects June 19 20, 2007 Wind Energy 36

Avian Deaths?... Negligible

Avian Deat hs Per Year

500 174 100 100 75

Glass Windows Electric Transmission Line Collisions House cats Hunting Automobiles Agriculture Communication Towers Oil and Gas Extraction Electrocution Wind Turbines

1
67 7 1.5

0.001 0.000809106

100

200

300

400

500

600

Annual Bird Deaths (Millions)

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Bat Kills
Bat fatality at wind turbines has been documented worldwide in the U.S., Australia, Canada, Germany, Spain, and Sweden. Bat fatalities have been reported at nearly all wind energy facilities in the U.S.
annual mortality estimated at <2 to nearly 50 bats/turbine/year

Bat mortality appears to be highest in or near forests and lowest in open grassland or farmland away from forests. Bats rarely strike fixed objects.
Source: Bat Conservation International (http://www.batcon.org/home/index.asp?idPage=55&idSubPage=32)
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When the wind doesnt blow

Do fossil-fired generating units have to be kept running on a standby basis in case the wind dies down?

No. Wind speeds rise and fall gradually and the system operator has time to move other plants on and off line as needed. A 100-MW wind plant requires about 2 MW of conventional capacity to compensate for changes in wind. Wind can reliably provide 20% or more of our electricity.
http://www.awea.org/faq/wwt_environment.html#Bird%20and%20bat%20kills%20and%20other%20effects June 19 20, 2007 Wind Energy 39

Lifetime environmental impact

Manufacturing wind turbines and building wind plants does not create large emissions of carbon dioxide. When these operations are included, wind energy's CO2 emissions are quite small:
about 1% of coal, or about 2% of natural gas (per unit of electricity generated).
http://www.awea.org/faq/wwt_environment.html#Bird%20and%20bat%20kills%20and%20other%20effects June 19 20, 2007 Wind Energy 40

TV and radio reception

Modern small (residential) wind turbines will not interfere with communication signals.
The materials used to make such machines are nonmetallic (composites, plastic, wood). Small turbines are too small to create electromagnetic interference (EMI) by "chopping up" a signal.

Large wind turbines can interfere with radio or TV signals if a turbine is in the "line of sight" between a receiver and the signal source. Alleviate the problem by:
improving the receiver's antenna installing relays to transmit the signal around the wind farm
http://www.awea.org/faq/wwt_environment.html#Bird%20and%20bat%20kills%20and%20other%20effects June 19 20, 2007 Wind Energy 41

GE WIND 3.6 MW GE WIND 1.5 MW

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Small Wind Turbines

Blades: Fiber-reinforced plastics, fixed pitch, either twisted/tapered, or straight (pultruded) Generator: Direct-drive permanent magnet alternator, no brushes, 3phase AC, variable-speed operation Designed for:
Simplicity, reliability Few moving parts Little regular maintenance required
400 W 900 W
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10 kW

50 kW

On-Grid Home with Wind System

Tehachapi, CA Bergey Excel wind turbine, 23 ft rotor, 10 kW Total installed cost was $34,122 in October 1999 California Buy-Down Program, $16,871 cash rebate Estimated payback: 8 years

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On-Grid Farm with Wind System

Southwestern Kansas Bergey Windpower Excel wind turbine: 10 kW, 23 ft rotor, 100 ft tower ~21,000 kWh/year generation, utility bill savings ~$2,800/year

Installed in early 1980s, ~$20,000, received federal tax credit

Maintenance costs $50/year
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Orland, Maine
Turbine Size: 50 kW

Turbine Manufacturer: Atlantic Orient Corp. (AOC)

Radius: 7.5 m

Developer/owner: G.M. Allen & Sons Blueberry Processing Plant

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Selawik, Alaska
4 x 50 kW Wind Turbines Turbine Manufacturer: AOC

Developer/Owner: Alaska Village Electric Corp.

Capacity: 200 kW

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Hull, Massachusetts
Turbine Size: 660 kW Turbine Manufacturer: Vestas Developer/Owner: Hull Municipal Lighting Plant Capacity: 0.66 MW

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Ponnequin, Colorado

Turbine Manufacturer: Vestas, NEG Micon Developer/owner: DisGen/Xcel Energy

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Turbine Size: 660-750 kW

Capacity: 31.5 MW
Commissioned: 1999
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Current Trends
Move towards ever larger machines

Offshore
More financial players More countries Low wind speed turbines (U.S.) Green energy and green tags

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Worlds Largest Wind Mill of 6 MW

The Crown Estate of England

The MagLev A Magnetically Levitated Wind Turbine

The MadLev is a magnetically levitated wind turbine that can generate one Gigawatt of power (enough to power 750,000 homes) and delivers clean power for less than one cent per kilowatt hour using this wind turbine.

There are already several MagLev wind turbines in operation in China

The M.A.R.S.
The M.A.R.S. (Magenn Power Air Rotor System) is an interesting device that is capable of harnessing the power of the wind to generate electricity, sending that power down a 330 meter tether rope for consumption. Since the M.A.R.S. is filled with helium, it is capable of flying much higher than other wind turbines in order to gain access to higher wind speeds. The 4.0 kW unit will enter production this year.

Helical Structured Wind Turbine

Helical structured wind turbines are the future of wind mill technology. These new and sleek looking windmills are designed much like the old ones when it comes to converting their circular motion in to mechanical work, but it is the structural design that makes them unique and special. In fact, they logically should function better than the traditional windmills as the helical structures seems to not just utilize the energy of the wind, but maximize it by containing the wind.

Phillipe Starcks Home Windmill

Made from the same transparent material also used in the very familiar Louis Ghost Chair, these clever contraptions are able to generate 20 60% of a homes energy needs. In addition to looking like a piece of Gucci jewellery, they are relatively inexpensive.

The Loop wing

It was unveiled in Japans Eco-Products 2006 Exhibition. The E1500 model turbine is a home windmill and sports a very unique wing design that operates with low vibration and at wind speeds as low as 1.6 m/sec. The efficiency specs on the turbine are vague 43% power performance at optimum wind speeds.

Urban Turbines Quiet Revolution

The Queen of England seems to agree.

Beautiful Helical Design The Quiet Revolution turbine has 5-metretall blades which can generate 10Kw-hours of energy from a mean annual wind speed of just 5.8 metres per second. Embedded LEDs in each S-shaped blade are used to create images as the turbine turns. It is rumoured that the ones to be installed at Buckingham Palace may be used to display a glowing union flag.

The V-LIM A Rooftop Wind turbine

Rogue River Wind and Portland State University Maseeh College of Engineering and Computer Science, have joined forces to optimize power generation from a high efficiency wind turbine suitable for rooftop mounting. Pictured here, this twelve foot, self indexing turbine can produce 3Kw most amazing windmills of the world. at 15mph winds

Sky Serpent - An Array of Small Rotors

This is a 1,000 year-old design of the single-bladed turbine, I knew if I could get more rotors, I could get more power.

The Jellyfish Micro Turbine

At a mere 36 inches tall, the Jellyfish plug-in wind appliance can generate about 40 kilowatt hours each month, thats enough to light a home using high-efficiency bulbs. The Jellyfish Wind Appliance consists of the following parts: A vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) A solid-state controller A variable-speed induction generator

The Highway Turbine

This is a very novel way of re-capturing some of the energy expended by vehicles moving at high speeds on our nations highways which is being proposed by an Arizona State University. Knowingly, air turbulence is generated by vehicles moving at speed particularly trucks and the proposal would involve mounting horizontal wind turbines above the roadway that would be driven by the moving air generated by the passing traffic. The electricity generated by spinning these turbines could be fed back into the grid. Analysis indicate that based on vehicle speeds of 70 mph each turbine could produce 9,600 kWh per year.

Broadstar AeroCam

The major innovation in the design, however, is the ability to automatically and interactively adjust the pitch or angle of attack of the aerodynamic blades as the turbine rotates, thereby optimizing its performance for much the same reasons a bird changes the shape of its wing in flight.

The Nano Skin Spiral Twist Wind Turbine

As wind played over the buildings skin, the turbines would spin and create energy that would be fed into the buildings electrical grid. They would also absorb carbon dioxide

The Helix Wind Turbine

capable of capturing omni-directional winds to provide quieter, kinder small wind power for your urban home. The Helix S322 is compact, elegant, sophisticated and versatile. It provides smooth power and torque delivery across a broad range of wind speeds and under the most difficult of physical environments. simple to install, This turbine is very captivating to the eye indeed.

The Dutch Windmill Tree

Dutch company One Architecture, Ton Matton and NL Architects were commissioned by the Dutch government for a next generation windmill. The proposed mill is shaped like a tree and can hold up to 8 turbines and be as high as 120 meters! The Dutch government feels that tree shaped mills are less intrusive in the flat Dutch landscape than the mill-parks they use.

The Bahrain World Trade Centre Turbines

The Atkins designed Bahrain World Trade Center (BWTC) made history when the three turbines which are allocated between the two adjourning towers were turned together for the first time. The three 29m-diameter turbine blades on Bahrains iconic landmark are the first in the world to be integrated on such a scale into a commercial development and are forecast to provide the equivalent of 11-15% of the power for the two towers when fully operational

The Anara Tower - Dubai

another skyscraper, this time in Dubai and in the shape of a giant wind turbine. Following a global design competition between three Atkins offices Dubai, Hong Kong and London Dubai based property developer Tameer holding has decided on the 600meter-plus skyscraper design to be build on the famous Sheik Zayed Road.

Night View of Anara Tower

Economics

Determining Factors
Wind Speed

Turbine design and construction

Rated capacity of the turbine

Exact Location
Improvements in turbine design Capital

Wind Speed Matters

Assuming the same size project, the better the wind resource, the lower the cost.

Overall cost distribution

Size Matters
Assuming the same wind speed of 8.08 m/s, a large wind farm is more economical

Conclusion

 Wind energy is pollution free and nature friendly Wind energy has very good potential and it is the fastest growing energy source

The future looks bright for wind energy because technology is becoming more advanced and windmills are becoming more efficient

THANK YOU