Load Management Is The Process of

Load Management
Load
management is the process of balancing the supply of electricity on the network with the electrical load by adjusting or controlling the load rather than power station output. This can be achieved by direct intervention of the utility in real time, by the use of frequency sensitive relays triggering circuit breakers, or by time clocks, or by using special tariffs to influence consumer behavior. The load on a system can approach the maximum generating capacity. When this happens, the network operators must either find additional supplies of energy or find ways to curtail the load. If they are unsuccessful within the time allowed, the system will become unstable and blackouts can occur.
Load Management- contd.

Typically electricity is billed in terms of actual energy consumed in Kwh and a demand charge per KW of power drawn from the utility service. By controlling use of electricity, a facility can save a lot on energy and money by creating different rate schedules
Rate Schedules
Electric utility can not provide additional capacity at peak loads They often structure rates to encourage consumers reduce their loads during peak periods. Time of use Tariff rates: Energy and demand charges vary for different periods of the day. Incentive tariff is offered for demands between 10PM and 8AM. Heavy tariffs are levied for demands between 8AM and 10PM.
Rate schedules contd.

Interruptible Rates: User discounts are offered in exchange for reducing demand. Power factor charges: Low pf causes need for additional KVA capacity. Manu utility companies charge for low power factor. Future pricing options: Real time pricing systems depending on the current load and economy of the system.
Demand Management strategies

Conduct Energy Survey: Plot electrical load as a function of time. Examine to shift a few loads to off-peak periods. Choose the best rated price schedule for lowest cost of operation. Reduce Peak demands: Avoid using large sized equipments simultaneously Improve Power Factor: Eliminate/reduce low power factor equipments
Demand management strategies

Energy conservation and Load management: Expected savings in industry use is 10% or more. Reducing energy losses on the distribution system: reconductoring and installation of capacitors Peak clipping, Load shifting and conservation.
Demand Response programmes
Demand Response Programs are programs usually designed and offered by electric utilities that offers those clients that sign-up for specific DR programs with financial incentives and other benefits that help those participating customers to curtail energy use The electric utilities typically require that those customers that enroll in their DR program(s) install certain software and hardware, that communicates with these client's online energy management systems, and can control these client's electric power requirements as needed
DR programmes- contd
Demand Response: Electric power generation and distribution systems are strongly affected by supply-side policies (how, when, and where to generate electricity, how to couple generation into the grid, how to transmit and distribute generated electricity) and demand-side policies (pricing schemes, conservation efforts, customer premises automation, and, in extreme circumstances, rolling blackouts). Demand-side programs focus on reducing the peak-to-average demand profiles through automation in the customer premises.
Automated Demand Response
Automated Demand Response is a Demand Side Management solution that is specifically designed not to involve human intervention, but is initiated at a facility through receipt of an external communications signal. Automated Demand Response is a rather new area of DSM technologies and may provide a lucrative revenue stream for customers to curtail electric load in response to demand incentives. Automated demand response technology seeks to automatically, through software and hardware applications, to respond to variations in the electricity/power market prices.
Demand side management
Demand Side Management or "DSM," is the process of managing the consumption of energy, generally to optimize available and planned generation resources. It is actions taken on the customer's side of the meter to change the amount or timing of energy consumption Electricity DSM strategies have the goal of maximizing end-use efficiency to avoid or postpone the construction of new generating plants
Technologies in DSM
Load Leveling: These technologies are used to smooth out the peaks and dips in energy demand by reducing consumption at peak times, increasing it during off-peak times ("valley filling"), or shifting the load from peak to off-peak periods to maximize use of efficient base load generation and reduce the need for spinning reserves. Load control: Energy management control systems (EMCSs) can be used to switch electrical equipment on or off for load leveling. Typically applied to heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting loads, EMCSs can also be used to invoke on-site generators, thereby reducing peak demand for grid electricity.
Contd.
Rate Schedules
Utilities can structure their rates to encourage customers to modify their pattern of energy use. Time-of-use rates involve charging higher prices for peak electricity as a way to shift demand to off-peak periods. Interruptible rates offer discounts in exchange for a user commitment to reduce demand when requested by the utility.
Power factor charges can be implemented to discourage commercial and industrial utility customers from partially loading their electrical equipment. Real-time pricing is where the electricity price varies continuously (or hour by hour) based on the utility's load and the different types of power plants that have to be operated to satisfy that demand.
Benefits of DSM
Reduction in customer energy bills. Reduction in the need for new power plant, transmission, and distribution network Stimulating economic development. Creating long-term jobs due to new innovations and technologies
Benefits contd.
Increasing the competitiveness of local enterprises. Reduction in air pollution. Reduced dependency on foreign energy sources. Reduction in peak power prices for electricity
DSM Approaches
General information programs for customers about energy efficiency options. Information programs about specific DSM techniques appropriate for industry Financing programs to assist customers to pay for DSM measures Turnkey programs that provide complete services to design, finance, and install a package of efficiency measures at the consumer end.
Contd.
Alternative rate programs by the utilities like time-of-use rates and interruptible rates to shift loads to off-peak periods. Schemes and incentives to invest in energy conservation and efficiency programs Incentives for new innovations and technologies for Load Response/Load Management Programs.
DSM Strategies
Identify the sectors and end-users as the potential targets
Visualize the needs of the targeted sectors Develop the customized program
DSM Strategies contd.
Conduct analysis for cost-effectiveness Prepare an implementation plan to market the program
Implement programs
DSM measures
Fluorescent lamps - Relamping Electronic ballasts and CFLs High efficiency discharge lamps (HIDs) and Photocells Occupancy sensors Convert exit sign lighting from incandescent to CFL HVAC upgrade measures
Measures- contd.
Efficient Security Lighting High Efficiency Motors TOD Tariffs and Interruptible Tariffs Cogeneration Power Factor Correction Variable Speed Drives
Conclusion
Demand Side Management programs play an important role in mitigating electrical system emergencies, avoiding blackouts and increasing system reliability, reducing dependency on expensive imports, reducing high energy prices, providing relief to the power grid and generation plants, avoiding high investments in generation, transmission and distribution network and leading to environmental protection. DSM techniques are cheapest, fastest and cleanest way to solve our electricity problems.

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Load Management

Load Management- contd.

Rate schedules contd.

Demand Management strategies

Demand management strategies

Demand Response programmes

Automated Demand Response

Demand side management

Identify the sectors and end-users as the potential targets

DSM Strategies contd.

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