Elastic Constants Relation (E, G & K Relation) Strength of Materials Ravi Kumar K

Elastic Constants Relation
(E , G & K Relation)

Strength of Materials

Ravi Kumar K
Problem
Derive an expression for the total extension produced by self
weight of a uniform bar, when the bar is suspended
vertically.
L
Diameter d

P
1
= weight of the bar below
the section,
= volume specific weight
= ( d
2
/4) x
= A x
Extension of the
element due to
weight of the bar
below that,
AE
dx x A
AE
dx P
AE
PL
dx
) (
1

= =
(
=
P
1
x
Diameter d

dx dx
element
Illustrative Problem
Example 8
The above
expression can also
be written as
Hence the total extension entire bar
E
L
E
x
AE
dx x A
L
L
2 2
) (
2
0
2
0

=
(
=

=
}
AE
PL
AE
L AL
A
A
E
L
=
= =
2
1
2
) (
2
2

Where, P = (AL)
= total weight of the bar
SHEAR MODULUS
For materials within the proportionality limit the shear strain is proportional to the
shear stress. Hence the ratio of shear stress to shear strain is a constant within the
proportionality limit.
For Mild steel, G= 80GPa = 80,000MPa = 80,000N/mm
2

The value of the modulus of rigidity is a definite property of a material
=
G
Shear Modulus
or
Modulus of Rigidity
=
Shear stress (t)
Shear strain ()
= constant
Forces P and P are applied transversely to the
member AB.
A
P
=
ave
t
The corresponding average shear stress is,
The resultant of the internal shear force distribution
is defined as the shear of the section and is equal to
the load P.
Corresponding internal forces act in the plane of
section C and are called shearing forces.
The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
be uniform.
71
Poissons Ratio =
For most engineering metals the value of lies between 0.25 and 0.33
In general
x
x
y
y
l
l
l
l
o
o
=
OR
x
x
z
z
l
l
l
l
o
o
=
z
y
x
P
P
L
x
L
y
L
z
Poissons Ratio
Lateral strain
Strain in the direction of load
applied
=
Poissons Ratio =
In general
z
y
x
P
x
P
x
L
x
L
y
L
z
Strain in X-direction =
x
x
x
l
l o
=
Strain in Y-direction =
y

x
x
y
y
l
l
l
l
o
o
= =
Strain in Z-direction =
z
x
x
z
z
l
l
l
l o
o
= =
Poissons Ratio
Load applied in Y-direction
Poissons Ratio
Lateral strain
applied
=
y
y
x
x
l
l
l
l
o
o
=
OR
y
y
z
z
l
l
l
l
o
o
=
z
y
x
P
y
L
x
L
y
L
z
P
y
x
y
y
x
x
l
l
l
l
o
o
= =
Poissons Ratio
Load applied in Z-direction
Poissons Ratio
Lateral strain
applied
=
z
z
x
x
l
l
l
l
o
o
= OR
z
z
y
y
l
l
l
l
o
o
=
y
z
x
P
z
L
x
L
y
L
z
P
z
x
z
z
x
x
l
l
l
l o
o
= =
Load applied in X & Y direction
z
y
x
P
x
P
x
L
x
L
y
L
z
P
y
P
y
y
E E
x
y
o
o
=
z
E E
x
y
o
o
=
x
E E
y
x
o
o
=
General case:
x
y
z
z
y
x P
x P
x
P
y
P
y
P
z
P
z
E E E
z
y
x
x
o
o
c =
E E E
z x
y
y
o
o
c =
E E E
x
y
z
z
o
o
c =
y
Bulk Modulus
A body subjected to three mutually perpendicular equal direct stresses undergoes
volumetric change without distortion of shape.
If V is the original volume and dV is the change in volume, then dV/V is called
volumetric strain.
A body subjected to three mutually perpendicular equal direct stresses then the ratio
of stress to volumetric strain is called Bulk Modulus.
Bulk modulus, K
|
.
|
\
|
=
V
dV
o
Relative to the unstressed state, the change in volume
per unit volume is
( )( )( ) | | | |
e unit volum per in volume change
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
=
+ + =
+ + + = + + + =
z y x
z y x z y x
dV
c c c
c c c c c c
Consider a cube of side 1unit, subjected to three mutually
perpendicular direct stresses as shown in the figure.
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
E E E
z
y
x
o
o
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
E E E
z x
y
o
o
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
E E E
x
y
z
o
o
z y x
V
dV
c c c + + =
Volumetric strain
( )
z y x
E
o o o
+ +
=
2 1
For element subjected to uniform hydrostatic pressure,
( )
( )
2 - 1 3K E
or
modulus bulk
2 1 3
=
=
=
E
K
o o o o = = =
z y x
( )
( ) 3
2 1
2 1
o
o o o
E V
dV
E V
dV
z y x
=
+ +
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
V
dV
K
o
Relationship between youngs modulus of elasticity (E) and modulus of rigidity (G) :-

A
1

B
1
A
D
B
a
a
45
C
H
Consider a square element ABCD of side a subjected
to pure shear . DA'B'C is the deformed shape due to
shear .
Drop a perpendicular AH to diagonal A'C.
AC
DB
E E
-
Strain in the diagonal AC =
(- )
E E
=
-
[ 1 + ]
E
= -------(1)
(A'CAC) (A'CCH) A'H
AC AC AC
Strain along diagonal AC = = =
E = 2G(1+ )
In le AA'H, Cos 45 = A'H/AA' => A'H= AA' 1/2
AC = 2 AD ( AC = AD
2
+AD
2
)
Strain along the diagonal AC = =

2
----(2)
A'H
AC
AA'
(2 2 AD)
=
Modulus of rigidity = G =

G
=> =
Equating (1) & (3)

2G E[1+]
=
Substituting in (2) Strain along the diagonal AC =
-----------(3)

2G
Substituting in (1)
E = 2G[ 1+(3K 2G)/ (2G+6K)]
E = 18GK/( 2G+6K)
E = 9GK/(G+3K)
Relationship between E, G, and K:-
We have
E = 2G( 1+ ) -----------(1)
E = 3K( 1- 2) -----------(2)
Equating (1) & (2)
2G( 1+ ) =3K( 1- 2)
2G + 2G=3K- 6K
= (3K- 2G) /(2G +6K)

Elastic Constants Relation (E, G & K Relation) Strength of Materials Ravi Kumar K

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