African Journal of Biochemistry Research Vol.3 (7), pp.279-281, July, 2009 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.

org/AJBR ISSN 1996-0778 2007 Academic Journals

Short Communication

Toxicological studies of Ceiba pentandra Linn

Department of Biochemistry A.B.U. Zaria, Nigeria. Department of Pharmacognocy and Drug development ABU Zaria, Nigeria.
Accepted 1 July, 2009

The toxicity profile of aqueous methanol extract of Ceiba pentandra leaves was investigated in mice. Two parameters were determined; acute toxicity and chronic toxicity. For acute toxicity test, the LD50 was found to be over 5000 mg/kg. For chronic toxicity test, the mice were injected with graded doses (250 - 500 mg/kg) of the leaves extract daily for 21 days and the effects on body weight, hematological and serum biochemical parameters were determined. The results revealed that there was no significant change in body weight, meaning that the extract is relatively safe for oral medical use. In fact there were no variable changes in the body weight of the mice from day zero (D0 ) to day twenty one (D21) in all the groups. The parameters determined during chronic toxicity test reveals that the concentrations of urea, chloride ion sodium ion ,potassium ions and bicarbonate were 11.2, 83.2, 131.6, 8.44 and 38 mMol/L respectively for the test animals .The result shows that apart from urea, all other parameters were within physiological acceptable range. The results further reveals, that there was a decrease in Craetinine (88 uMol/L) and Total Protein (57.4 g/L), while AST (19 IU/L), ALT (10 IU/L) and ALP (204 IU/L) concentrations has significantly increased .While there was no significant change in PCV and bilirubin concentrations The finding reveals that C. pentandra has very low toxicity profile in all the tested animals and the plant is relatively safe for herbal oral medication. Key words: Ceiba pentandra, toxicity, plant. INTRODUCTION Ceiba pentandra plant is widely spread around the world and is a very popular plant in Northern Nigeria. It was reported that fresh bark of the plant has antibacterial activity (Odoemena, 2004). Sawhnery et al. (1978) has shown that the plant has antifungal activity. C. pentandra (Bombacacease) dried bark is used for chest pains and as a diuretic in Nicaragua (Coe and Anderson 1996). Coe and Anderson (1996) revealed that human adult use the dried back orally for the treatment of respiratory and pulmonary disorders. In a related development the dried back is used orally for treatment of diarrhea, fever, gonorrhea and parasitic infections (Noreen, et al., 1998). It has been reported that in Senegal it is used for abscesses, mouth sores and tooth ache as well as stomach ache (Le-Grand, 1989). It has been demonstrated that leaves extract of C. pentandra was used in Indonesia for treatment of fever (Grosvenor et al., 1995). C. pentandra (part not specified) is used in Cameroon for the treatment of hypertension (Kandem et al., 1986). Research findings in Nigeria revealed that the extract of C. pentandra has antifungal activity (Sawhney et al., 1978). In Congo, the dried back of C. pentandra has been shown to have antiameobic activity and antibacterial activity (Tona et al., 1999). The biological activities of the extract of C. pentandra have shown that it affects central nervous system generally in mouse (Cox et al., 1989). In Nigeria it was also reported that fresh bark of the plant has antibacterial; activity (Odama et al., 1997). Basis for the medicinal uses of C. pentandra and assess whether the plant has some toxicological effects on mice. The rationale for the utilization of medicinal plants has rested largely on long-term clinical experience with little or no scientific data on their efficacy and safety (Zhu et al., 2002). Sofowora (1989) reported that, with the upsurge in the use of herbal medicine, a thorough scientific investigation of these plants is comparative, based on the need to validate their folkloric usage. It is in view of the fact that C. pentandra plant is used in the treatment of diseases, it would be of paramount importance to validate the scientific basis for the medicinal uses of C. pentandra and assess whether the plant has some toxicological effects

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].

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Table 1. Result of average weight of mice and dosage given for chronictoxicity test.

Group Group 1 Group 2 Group 3

Dosage 250 mg/kg 500 mg/kg Saline 0.9%

D0 (g) 25.08 23.30 21.10

D7 (g) 24.88 23.20 21.00

D14 (g) 25.28 23.35 21.00

D21 (g) 25.69 23.68 22.00

on mice. During the course of investigation of the toxicity profile, two major parameters were assessed. Vide the acute toxicity test and chronic toxicity test. This study was therefore undertaken in order to assess the toxicity profile of plant C. pentandra that will provide information on the safety or otherwise of the use of C. pentandra in medicine and its continual ethno medicinal applications.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection of test material Fresh leaves of C. pentandra were obtained from Zaria metropolitan. The plant collected was brought to the Department of Biological Science of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and identified by officer in charge of the herbarium. Extraction of test material Aqueous methanol (60/40) v/v would extract most of the water soluble compounds. This solvent system offers the best opportunity to evaluate both water soluble and the constituents present in C. pentandra. Soxhlet extraction method was used. And it was carried out in two steps, first, defatted with petroleum ether, then extracted with aqueous methanol 60/40 v/v. Briefly, 200g of the powder leaves in tumble placed in the Soxhlet extractor, and extracted continuously until all the leaves powder was extracted. The evaporator machine was used to recover the solvent. The extract was dried at room temperature and stored at 4 C. Animals Adult albino mice (20 - 30 g) of either sex were used for the research. They were procured from Animal house of Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science ABU. Zaria. The animals were acclimatized for one week before commencement of investigation. Chemicals

of C. pentandra extract orally for 21 days. The first day of dosing was taken as D0 where as the day of sacrifice was designated as D21 and the body weight of each mice was assessed once every seven days during the dosing period and the day of sacrifice. The following parameters were analyzed; (a) Estimation of blood urea (b) Estimation of serum bilirubin (c) Estimation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (d) Determination of packed cell volume (PCV) (e) Determination of total protein (TP) (f) Determination of craetinine (Cr) (g) Estimation of aspartate transaminase (AST) (h) Estimation alanine transaminase (ALT)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Acute toxicity studies At the dose levels tested there were no clinical signs observed in the treated mice. No Mortality was observed in all the groups of mice that were given C. pentandra orally after 24 h. Therefore the LD50 value of C. pentandra was estimated to be above 5000 mg/kg body weight. Chronic toxicity studies Chronic toxicity test of the leaves extract Ceiba pentandra was determined and are given as follows. DISCUSSION The present research has provided first hand information on Acute and chronic toxicity studies on C. pentandra. The Acute toxicity studies revealed that C. pentandra has LD50 5000 mg/kg in mice, indicating that the plant is relatively not toxic to the experimental animals. The fresh back of the plant has anti bacterial activity (Odama et al, 1997).The result of the chronic toxicity revealed that there was no significant change in body weight of mice fed for 21 days with 250 mg/kg - 500 mg/kg of C. pentandra leaves extract, suggesting that the plant relatively not toxic to mice as shown in Table 1. The parameters determined during chronic toxicity studies reveals that potassium, urea chlorine ions and bicarbonate has increased, revealing that increase in serum chloride and bicarbonate levels may not pose a great danger in mice treatment with C. pentandra as illustrated in Figure 1. In some situation, liver cell damage is characterrized by a rise in plasma enzymes, AST, ALT and ALP. From our findings ALP concentration was consistently higher but AST, ALT and Cr are within physiological acceptable

Kits and reagents for AST, ALT, ALP and craetinine, total protein, total
bilirubin, urea were obtained from Barau Dikko Hospital Kaduna. Methodology There were two toxicity tests that were carried out and these were: 1.) Acute toxicity test 2.) Chronic toxicity test Acute toxicity test: The acute toxicity (LD50) was estimated in mice following Lorks 1983 method slightly modified. Dose levels used range from 100 - 5000 mg/kg, number of death in each group of mice within 24 h were monitored. Chronic toxicity test: 15 mice were selected and then divided into three groups 5 mice each group, the first group served as control, given only saline, while the remaining 2 groups received 250 and 500 mg/kg

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Table 2. Results of serum biochemical changes in mice following the chronic toxicity test of C. pentandra leaves extract for 21 days.

Group Control 250 mg/kg 500 mg/kg

Cr ( mol/l) 130 117.8 88

AST (I.U/l) 25.5 25.6 19

Parameters determined ALT (I.U/l) ALP (I.U/l) 5.5 8.8 10 7 14 20.4

Bilirubin (mol/l) < 17 < 17 < 17

TP (g/l) 71 71.6 57.4

PCV (%) % 45 46.4 47.8

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Urea Na ClK Bicarbonate

REFERENCES Coe F, Anderson G (1996). Enthnobotany of the Garifuna of Eastern Nigarague. Eco. Bot. 50(1): 70-107. Cox P, Sperry L, Tuominen M, Bohlin L (1989). Pharmacological activity of Samoan. Ethno. Pharmacopoeia. Eco. Bot. 43, 4: 489-49. Grosvenor P, Gothard M, William N, Supriono A, Gray D (1995). Medicinal Plants from Riau province. J. Athnopharmacol. London 45(2): 75-95. Kamdem L, Messi N, Ndongo N, Mbi O, Njoken A (1986). Rer. Sci. (Technol. Health SC ser), Yaound. 3 (3/4) 68. Kaneko JJ (1989). Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. Academic press San Diego. Klaassen CDE (2001). Casa rett and doulls, the basic science of poisons. McGraw-Hill, New York. Mayne PD (1996). Clinical chemistry in diagnosis and treatment 6th edn. amold, London press. Ladeji O, Omekarah I, Solomon M. (2003). Hypoglycemic properties of aqueous bark extract of Ceiba pentandra in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats J. Ethnopharmacol. 84(2-3):139-42. Le-grand A (1989). Antimicrobial activity of 43 species. J. Ethnopharmacol. (25) (3):315-38. Lorke D (1983). A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing. Arch. Toxicol. 54; 275-287 Noreen Y, EL-seech A, Perena P, Bohlin L (1998). Two new Isoflavones from Ceiba pentandra and their effect on cyclo-oxygenase-catalysed prostaglandin Biosynthesis. J. Natural Product. 619: 8-12. Odama L, Shok M, Olurinola P (1997). Preliminary investigation of the bark of Ceiba pentandra and evaluation of antibacterial effect of the isolated components. J. Pharm. Res. Dev. Abuja. 2(1):56-60. Odoemena CS (2004). South South health agenda and traditional Medicine: Pioneer Newspaper Publication (19) (10): 23 26 August 2004. Sawhney A, Khan M, Ndaalio, Nkunya M, Wener S. (1978). Preliminary screening of medicinal plants for antifungal activity. Pak J. Sci. Indian Res. 21:193-196. Sofowora A (1982). Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in West Africa. Wiley. Ibadan. pp 144-5. Tona L, Kambu K, Masia K, Cimanga K, Aspers S, Rebruyne T, Piatens L, Totten J (1999). Biological screening of traditional preparations from some medicinal plants used as antidiarrhoeal in Kinshasha. Congo. Phytomedicine 61: 59-66. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Kinshasa, Congo. Zhu M, Lew KT, Leung D (2002). Protective effects of plants formula on ethanol induced gastric lesions in rats, Phytother. Res. 16:276-280.

Figure 1. Effects of C. pentandra leave extract on renal functions.

range as given in Table 2. In a related development Ladeji et al. (2003) reported that the extract of C. pentandra administered to rats for 28 days appeared non-toxic as evidenced by normal serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP and bilirubin. A rise in plasma alkaline phospholase level is usually a characteristic finding in obstractive hepatobiliary disease as found in cholestrolic liver diseases (Kanaeko, 1989). Indicating that there was no disrurbances in the carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. Klaassen (2001) reported that lost of weight in animals is due to disturbance in carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism. Since concentrations are consistently decreasing, thus suggest that there was no significant liver cells damage. The AST concentration is higher than ALT concentration which is expected, since body cells contain more AST than ALT (Mayne, 1996). The present research findings also revealed that there was no significant change in the PCV but there was significant reduction of total protein levels in the tested animals. Conclusion The toxicity profile studies shows that, the aqueous methanol leaves extract of C. pentandra has very low toxicity profile in all the tested animals and the plant is therefore considered relatively safe for herbal oral use medication in treatment of diseases.