LINUX Types of OS: 1. Single user OS a. Single Tasking Ex: MS - DOS b. Multi Tasking Ex: Ms Windows 95/98/me/xp/vista 2.

. Multi user OS Ex: Unix, Linux 3. Network OS Ex: Windows NT/2000/2003 Linux: linux is a multi user/multi tasking operating system which is developed by linus trovalds, when he was a university student. HE made source code available in internet so that every body can access it with out any cost. Features: Multi User Capability Multi Tasking Security User level File level Encryption / decryption Virus Free Communication Scheduling tasks Terminals: Dump Terminals Intelligent Terminals Dial-Up Terminals Linux Kernel:

It is heart of Linux OS where each and every management is taken care by Kernal. Hardware Management Disk Management Process Management Memory Management Shell: IT is a user interface to contact linux. This is a place where user inputs the commands or executes shell scripts. Different types of shells: BORN Shell Bash shell CSh tcsh KSH Sh etc., Commands: Creating users: Syn: useradd [-g <group>] [ -d <path>] <login name> Ex: useradd -g DBA -d /home/madhu madhu Useradd madhu default group: madhu default path: /home/madhu To assign password for the user: Syn: Passwd <username> Ex: passwd madhu New Password: madhu123 Re eneter : madhu123

clear: to clear screen. echo: To display text on to the screen. Ex: echo welcome who: to display list of users curruntly logged in whoami: displays details regarding currunt user cat: 1. Create a file 2. Append to a file 3. displaying file Syn: 1. cat > filename appworld ^d 2. cat >> filename ^d 3. cat filename(s) rose lilly jasmine cat > hello Welcome to KPHB Colony ^d cat >> hello Hyderabad ^d cat hello OR cat

ls:To display list of files. ls l: Display full listing ls al: display long listing of all files(includeing hidden files) mkdir: To create directory Syn: mkdir <dir name(s)> Ex: mkdir max Mkdir jack lion king Pwd: Present Working Directory. Shows currunt working dir. Ex: pwd /home/satish

 Root cd: to change directory Syn: cd <dir name> Ex: cd max Pwd /home/satish/max cd .. takes back to parent directory cd to come back to default directory. cp: 1. to copy files Syn: cp file1 file2 2. to copy files to directory Syn: cp file1 file2 file3 file4 directory. mv: 1. To rename a file/directory Ex: mv oldname newmame 2. To move files into a directory Syn: mv file1 file2 file3 file4 directory. rm: To remove files. Syn: rm filename [file2 file3 ]

rmdir: To remove directory. We can delete only empty directory. Syn: rmdir dirname(s) rm r: to remove directory even it is not empty. rm r dirname DAY 2: touch: To create empty files. Syn: touch <filename(s)> Ex: touch max jack king Syn:

ln: to link files. We can give a new name for exisiting file. The file can be accessed by both the names. Advantages: A single file will have two names. Memory occupied by both files is same. If file is deleted, it exisit with second name. Syn: ln <file1> <file2> Ln <file(s)> <dir> Ex: ln hello rose cal: To display calender Syn: cal [[<mm>] <yyyy>] Ex: cal displays currunt month cal 2007 cal 09 1977 date: to display system date Ex: date Thu Jul 23 10:11:12 IST 2009 Formats: %d day %m month %y year %H hours %M minuts %S sec. %n new line date '+ Today is %d' date '+ %d/%m/%y' date '+ %d/%m/%y%n%H:%M:%S' man: displays manual of any command. Ex: man date

bc: Base Calculator bc 10+20 30 18/2 9 10+58*78/86 62 scale=2 to specify decimal spaces. 10+58*78/86 62.60 ^d expr: Arithmetic Expression solver Syn: expr <arith opr> Ex: expr 10 + 20 30 +, -, \*, /, \( \) WILD CARD Characters: ? Single Char. * More Chars [ ] Any one among group. ls l f* displays all files which start with f ls l ??? ls l s?n rm *.dat cp * max ls l s[o,u]n ls l [a,e,i,o,u]* all files starting with a/e/i/o/u

ls l [^a,e,i,o,u]* all files not starting with a/e/i/o/u PATHS:

A path is a address of a file. there are two types of paths. * absolute path * relative path Absolute Path: The full path of a file is called absolute path. i.e. a file is represented with its full address from the root directory. $ pwd /home/madhu $ cat /home/madhu/flowers/trees/rose/r1 $rm /home/madhu/flowers/creepy/lilly/* $cp /home/madhu/flowers/trees/jasmine/* /home/madhu/flowers/creepy/lotus $cp ~/flowers/trees/jasmine/* ~/flowers/creepy/lotus ~ default home directory Relative Path:

If a file is represented relative to currunt working directory, it is relative paths. $pwd /home/madhu $cp flowers/trees/jasmine/* flowers/creepy/lotus $ cd flowers $ pwd /home/madhu/flowers $cp trees/rose/* creepy/lotus/white $cp ~/* . $cd trees/rose $ pwd /home/madhu/flowers/trees/rose $ cp * .. [cpoies all files to parent dir] $cp * ../jasmine [copies all files to jasmine dir. Present in parent ] $cd ../..

DAY 3: VI Editor: To modify file contents and also used to create files. Syn: vi <filename> esc : Comes out of insert mode :w save the file :q quit :wq save and quit :q! Force quit There are two types of commands:

 Command mode commands Xcommand mode commands Text insertion commands: i: to Insert text at currunt cursor possition a: to insert text after currunt cursor possition I: Inserts text at beginning of line A: Inserts text at end of line o (small): To insert new line after cursor position O : To insert new line before cursor position Text replace commands: r: To replace a single character R: To replace text Commands to delete text: x(small): To delete a character at current cursor position [Works like DEL key] X (Cap): To delete a character before cursor position [ works like BACK SPACE key] dd: TO delete current line ndd: Deletes n lines. Ex: 3dd delete 3 lines from cursor position. dw: To delete a word. Deletes from cursor position to end of word. d$: To delete text from cursor position to end of line Cursor Movement Commands: l (small L): Moves cursor right side h : move cursor left side j: move cursor to next line k: move cursor to prev. line

H: Moves to bigging of file L: Moves to end of file Yanking(coping) and pasting commands yy: to copy current line nyy: To copy n lines. Ex: 4yy p: to paste lines. np: pastes n times.

Xcommand Mode commands: :/<text> to serach for specified text n Serch of next occurrence N serach for previous occurrence :?<text> to serach for text in revrse direction Wecan use n & N to search text :[m,n] s/<text>/<repl.text>[/g] To search and replace text : s/Rose/Lotus Replaces first occurrence of Rose with Lotus in currunt line : s/Rose/Lotus/g Replaces all occurrence of Rose with Lotus in currunt line. Here g means globel. :1, 5 s/Rose/Lotus Replaces first occurrence of Rose with Lotus in all 1st to 5th lines. :1, 5 s/Rose/Lotus/g Replaces all occurrence of Rose with Lotus in all 1st to 5th lines. . currunt line $ last line

:1,$ s/Rose/Lotus/g replaces from first line to last line : .,$ s/Rose/Lotus/g replaces from currunt line to last line Miscellaneous Commands: ~ : To change case Ctrl + l To redraw the screen J: To join two lines. u (small): Undo U : Undo all operations on same line chmod: [Change mode]. To change File access permissions There two mode of chmod 1. Symbolic Mode 2. Absolute Mode Symbolic Mode: Syn: chmod <whome>+/-/=<permission> <filename> + adding - removing = assign Users Permissions Owner/user- u read - r Group - g write - w Others - o execute - x All a Default Permissions for a file: rwr- U G O r--

chmod o+w hello giving write permissions to others chmod g+r,g+w,g+x hello chmod g+rwx hello chmod g-wx hello chmod o+rwx hello chmod o=r hello chmod ugo+rwx hello OR chmod a+rwx hello Absolute Mode: Syn: chmod p1p2p3 <filename> p1 Permissions for Owner p2 Permissions for group members p3 Permissions for Others r-4 w-2 x-1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 rwx (4+2+1) rwr-x r--wx -w--x ---

Ex: chmod 777 hello chmod 700 hello Note: If directory have execute permissions then only we can enter into it. Example program: $ cat > prg

date who cal 09 1977 ^d $ Chmod u+x prg $ ./prg Umask: displays umask value or sets umask value. A umask value represents default permissions to a directory. $umask 0002 Default permissions of a dir is total permissions minus umask value. Ie. 777-002 = 775 $umask 077 Default permissions of new dir is total permissions minus umask value. Ie. 777077 = 700 $ mkdir bond drwx------

FILTER COMMANDS: head: To displays specified no. of lines from top of the file. Syn: head n filename Ex: head -5 hello displays first 5 lines from the file hello Tail: To display specified no. of last lines. Syn: tail -/+n filename

Ex: tail -5 hello displays last 5 lines tail +5 hello displays 5th line to last line wc: Word Count Syn: wc [-options] filename Ex: wc hello 11 27 145 hello Options: -l : to display lines count -w: to display words count -c: to display chars count Ex: wc -l hello DAY 4 sort: To display contents of file in sorted order. Syn: sort [-options] filename $cat > emp madhu 31 kumar 24 aruna 23 jeeva 28 nandu 21 ramana 18 ^d $sort emp arun a 23 jeeva 28 kumar 24 madhu 31 nandu 21 ramana 18 manager clerk typist CLERK TYPIST peon 8000 5000 4000 5500 3500 950

typist CLERK clerk manager TYPIST peon

4000 5500 5000 8000 3500 950

Options: -r: to sort data in reverse order -km[,n]: Here m & n are numbers. Used to sort data on specified column. m to specify filed on which we want to sort data. Ex: sort -k3 emp n: In sorting, if there is equal data in two rows, it compares the next field and so on.To specify where sorting should be stopped we use -n option. Ex: sort -k3,4 emp -f : to ignore case wile sorting. Sort f emp Sort k3 f r emp Sort k3 f emp -n: to sort numbers Sort k4 n emp -t: to specify field seperator if other than TAB is used. sort k3 t ; emp grep: [Globel Regular Expression Printer] To search for specified text and display lines containing the text. Syn: grep [-options] text filename Ex: grep clerk emp Options: -v: Displays lines those do not contain specified text. -i: TO ignore case -c: Displays count of lines -n: Displays lines along wioth line numbers cut: To cut fields and columns

Syn: cut [options] filename Options: -f: To cut fields -c: to cut columns[characters] -d: to specify seperator if other than tab is used. Ex: cut -f1 emp emp cut -f1,3 emp emp cut -f1,3 -d ";" emp2 cut c1 cur c1,4

paste: to combine more than one file horizontally Ex: paste emp emp2 Tr: Translate 1. tr chars chars < filename To change one character to another 2. tr s char < filename to supress repeated character 3. tr d char < filename to delete a character Ex: tr a z < emp replaces a with z in the file emp tr abc xyz < emp replaces a with x, b with y, c with z in the file emp. tr a-z A-Z < emp Piping(|): used to combine more than one command. i.e. sends one commands output as input to another command. Ex: grep clerk emp | sort

who | sort who | grep satish | sort ls l | more ls l | sort | more ls l | grep Jul 25 tee: To get intermediate output into a file Ex: grep clerk emp | tee hello | sort Grep commands output will be sent into the file hello and also sent to sort command. Redirection Symbols: > Output Redirection Symbol >> Append ,, ,, < Input ,, ,, who > xyz date > xyz ls -l >> xyz cat < xyz 0 standerd input 1 - standerd output 2 standerd error sort aaa 1> hello 2>hi DAY 5 find: To search for files including sub directories. Syn: find <path/pattern> [options] Ex: find . find ./m* find ~/m*

Options: -mtime n: searches for the files which are last modified before n*24 hours. Ex: Display files older than 7 days. find ~/* -mtime 7 -type: to specify what you want to serach. Ex. To search files we use f to serach dirs we use d Ex: find ~/* -type f -exec: Used to execute a command based on the search result. Ex: find max/* -type f exec rm { } \; -user: To search files which are owned by a user. Ie. To search for files which are created by specified user. Ex: find ~/* -user root Sed: 1. To replace a text with another text in a file 2. To delete lines containing specified text Syn 1: sed s/text/rtext/g <filename> Ex: sed s/madhu/kumar/g emp Syn 2: sed /text/d <filename> Ex: sed /typist/d emp awk: pattern scanning and processing language Syn: awk {commands} filename Ex: awk { print $1} emp gets first filed in file emp and displays them with print command. awk { print $2 + $4 } emp awk '{ print "Employee name " $1 }' emp awk -F: { print $2 + $4 } emp2 [useinf -F we can specifiy field seperator]

awk { sum+=$4 }; END { print sum } emp adds all values in $4 field and displays total. Background Processing: If a process is running in the background where user can work with other porcesses in frontground, then it is called background processing. We can send a process to background using & symbol at the end of any command/script. ps: to show list of processes. Ex: ps Shows processes ruinning under currunt user with PID, TTY, CMD Options: -f: shows User Id (UId) and also parent process id (PPID) -e: Shows all processes running in linux server. Ex: ps f ps e ps ef kill: To kill a proces. Syn: kill [-9] <PID> Ex: kill 7922 Kill -9 6711 sure kill Sending a process to background: $cat > prog while true do echo "xyz" > /dev/null

done ^d Execute the above scrip as follows: $ sh prog & Communication Commands write: To write a message on another user terminal. Syn: write <username> <terminal> Ex: write hyma Message(s) ^d Write satish pts/4 Message(s) ^d Mesg: To enab;e/disable/view message status $ mesg is y $mesg n To disable messages $mesg y To enable messages. who T: Displays list of user along with message status. Message status will be either + or -. If it is +, mean user have messages enabled. mail: To send or view mails. Syn to Send mail: $ mail <username> Sub: .

 Cc: ^d Syn: To view $ mail Scheduling Commands: at: Used to execute a command/shell script in future time. Syn: $ at hh:mm at> command at> ^d Ex: at 17:45 at>cp hello hi at> ^d atq: Displays list of jobs pending atrm: to remove jobs. Ex: atrm 2 here 2 is job id batch: to execute a batch of commands at system free times. Executes commands if system load average is less than 0.8. Syn: batch at> command ^d Ex: batch cp hello king ^d crontab: Executes command/shell script at regular intervals of time. Syn:

Crontab Min hours day month weekday command ^d Ex: Crontab 28 12 27 7 * cp /home/madhu/max/hello /home.madhu/max/hi ^d Every year on 27th july at 12:28 executes the cp command Example patterns: 30 10 1 * * command 30 * * * * command crontab -l: to view list of cron jobs crontab -e: To edit/add/remove jobs crontab r: to remove all jobs