DD To To Digital Image Processing Digital Image Processing

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE
Syllabus
Digital Image Processing
Unit 1:
Digital image representation,
elements of digital image
processing systems. Sampling & quantization; simple image model, basic
Mr. Vikas R. Gupta Lecturer Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering YCCE, Nagpur.
Introduction d To Digital Image Processing
relationships between pixels & image geometry geometry.
Unit 2:
properties
Image transforms introduction to Fourier transform, DFT , of 2-dimensional DFT, FFT, other separable image
transforms- DCT , DST, Walsh, Haar, start transforms.
Unit 3:
Image
enhancement-
Basic
gray
level
transformations,
Histogram processing, enhancement using arithmetic/logic operations, spatial filtering, smoothing & sharpening filters, smoothing frequency domain filters, sharpening frequency domain filters.
Vikas R. Gupta, Lecturer, Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, YCCE, Nagpur. Vikas R. Gupta, Lecturer, Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, YCCE, Nagpur. Vikas R. Gupta, Lecturer, Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, YCCE, Nagpur.
Syllabus..
Unit 4:
models, models Image Compression fundamentals, image compression information theory theory, errorerror free compression , lossy
Reference books
Objective
Course Details
Digital Image Processing, R.C Gonzaalez, R.E. Woods, Pearson Editi 2nd edition W d P Edition, diti Fundamentals of digital image processing , A.K.
Establish a background in Digital Image Processing. Implementation of DIP algorithms using MATLAB. Continuous assessment
compression, Image compression standards.
Unit 5:
linking
Image Segmentation- Detection of discontinuities, Edge & boundary detection, thresholding region based
Jain (PHI)
1. 1st Sessional Exam [20 marks]

2. 3. 4. 5. 2nd Sessional Exam [40 marks] 1st Assignment [4] ss g e t [ ] Mini project [4] Seminar [4] 6. Homework
Vikas R. Gupta, Lecturer, Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, YCCE, Nagpur.
segmentation. t ti
Unit 6:
Representation & description- Representation, boundary
descriptors, Regional Descriptors.

Vikas R. Gupta, Lecturer, Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, YCCE, Nagpur. Vikas R. Gupta, Lecturer, Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, YCCE, Nagpur.
Introduction to digital image processing
What is digital image ?

An image may be defined as a two-dimensional function, f(x,y), f(x y) where x and y are spatial (plane) coordinates and the coordinates, amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates (x,y) is called the intensity or gray level of the image at that point.
Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing
Di it l i Digital image Wh x, y, and th amplitude values of f are all When d the lit d l f ll finite, discrete quantities, we call the image a digital image.
What is Digital image processing?

Th field of digital image Processing refers to processing The fi ld f di i l i P i f i digital images by means of digital computer.
Why do we need Image Processing?

Improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation Processing of image data for efficient storage and

Application of Image Processing

Human perception Biomedical Imaging Techniques Image and Video Compression Forensics Remote sensing (Remotely Sensed Scene Interpretation) Communication Automotives Automatic Visual Inspection System Remotely Sensed Scene Interpretation Defense surveillance Content-Based Image Retrieval Moving-Object Tracking
Digital image is composed of finite number of elements, each of which has a particular location and value. These elements are referred to as picture elements, pels and pixels.
transmission Image processing for autonomous machine application
Noise filtering
Contrast Enhancement
Image Deblurring
Motion blurred
deblurred
Examples of field that use digital image processing

Medicine ( ) p (a) Inspection and interpretation of images obtained from X-rays, p g y MR scans, (b) Analysis of cell images, of chromosome karyotypes.

Agriculture (a) Satellite/aerial views of land, for example to determine how much land is being used for different purposes or to purposes, investigate the suitability of different regions for different crops, (b) Inspection of fruit and vegetables distinguishing good and fresh produce from old.
Weather Forecasting

Industry (a) Automatic inspection of items on a production line, (b) Inspection of paper samples. Law enforcement ( ) (a) Fingerprint analysis, g p y (b) Sharpening or de-blurring of speed-camera images.
Image compression
The Origins of Digital Image Processing
FIGURE 1.1 A digital picture produced in 1921from a coded tape by a telegraph printer FIGURE 1.2 A digital picture made in 1922 from a with special type faces. (McFarlane.)
tape punched after the signals had crossed the Atlantic twice. Some errors are visible. (McFarlane.)
Newspaper industry used Bartlane cable picture transmission system to send pictures by submarine cable between London and New York in 1920s
Aspects of image processing

Image Enhancement
under-exposed image
over-exposed image

Image enhancement This f t Thi refers to processing an image so that the result is i i th t th lt i more suitable for a particular application. Example include: sharpening or de-blurring an out of focus image, highlighting edges, improving image contrast, or brightening an image, Removing noise.

Image restoration. This may be considered as reversing the damage done to an image by a known cause, for example: Removing of blur caused by linear motion, Removal of optical distortions, Removing periodic interference.
What is common in above pictures?

Image segmentation This involves subdividing an i Thi i l bdi idi image i into constituent parts, or isolating certain aspects of an image: Finding lines, circles, or particular shapes in an image, i In an aerial photograph, identifying cars, trees, buildings, or roads.
Representation
After segmentation of image into regions, the resulting aggregates of segmented pixels is represented and described in a form suitable form for further computer processing. Representing a region involves two choices
External characteristics (Boundary), when primary focus is on shape Internal characteristics (pixels comprising region) when primary focus is regional properties such as color and texture
Description
Extracting attributes that result in some quantitative information of interest. E.g. Region is represented by its boundary and boundary is described by features such as Its length, The i t ti Th orientation of straight line joining the its extreme f t i ht li j i i th it t points, Number of concavities in the boundary.
Recognition
Assigns a label to an object based on its descriptors.
Steps in an image processing

Acquiring the image. Preprocessing : Image Enhancement and Image Restoration Image Compression S Segmentation i Representation and description. Recognition and interpretation
Components of a general purpose image processing system
Human Visual Perception
Elements of Visual Perception
Digital Image Fundamentals
Image Formation model
Image sampling and quantization
Result of Image sampling and Quantization
Spatial Resolution
Spatial Resolution
Smallest discernible detail in an image
Gray Level Resolution
Gray Level Resolution

Smallest Discernible change in Gray Level
Representing Digital Images
The right side of this equation is by definition a digital image. Each element of this matrix array is called an image element, picture element, pixel, or pel. i t l t i l l
Binary Image
Image types
Clearly, aij= f(x=i, y=j)=f(i, j), Binary Image Indexed Image Gray scale image Color image
Binary Images
Logical array of 0s and 1s.
Pixel Values in a Binary Image

Grayscale Image.
True color or RGB.
Indexed Image
Neighbours of pixel
A pixel p at coordinate has four neighbors (x+1,y) ,(x-1,y) ,(x,y+1),(x,y-1)
Neighbours of pixel
The four diagonal neighbors of p have coordinates
(x+1,y+1) ,(x+1,y-1) ,(x-1,y+1),(x-1,y-1)
Neighbours of pixel
This four diagonal neighbors of p along with 4-neighbors of p are called as 8 neighbors of p 8-neighbors p,
(x-1,y) (x,y-1) p (x, y) (x+1,y) (x+1,y-1)

This set of pixels, called the 4 neighbours of p, is denoted by N4(p)
(x-1,y-1) (x,y+1) (x-1,y-1) p (x, y) (x+1,y+1) (x-1,y+1) (x,y-1) (x+1,y-1) (x+1 y 1)
(x-1,y) p (x, y) (x+1,y) (x+1 y)
(x-1,y+1) (x,y+1) (x+1,y+1) (x+1 y+1)
and are denoted by ND(p)

and are denoted by N8(p)

Adjacency, Connectivity, Regions, and Boundaries

Connectivity between pixels simplifies the definitions of image concepts such as region and boundaries Two pixels are connected only if they are neighbours and satisfy a specified criterion of similarity e.g. in a binary image with values 0 and 1 two pixels may be neighbours, but they are said to be connected only if they have the same value

Let V be the set of gray-level values used to define adjacency. In a binary image={1} if we are referring to adjacency of pixels with value 1. In a grayscale image, set V typically contains more elements. For example, in the adjacency of pixels with a range of possible gray-level values 0 to 255, set V could be any subset of these 256 values

(a) 4-adjacency. Two pixels p and q with values from V are 4j (p) adjacent if q is in the set N4(p). (b) 8-adjacency. Two pixels p and q with values from V are 8adjacent if q is in the set N8(p). (c) m-adjacency (mixed adjacency). Two pixels p and q with values o a e adjace t from V are m-adjacent if (i) q is in N4(p), or (ii) q is in ND(p) and N4(p) N4(q) the set has no pixels whose values are from V.
Problem
For example, consider the pixel arrangement shown in Fig.(a) for V={1}. 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
This ambiguity is removed by using m-adjacency, as shown in Fig.(c) 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
The three pixels at the top of Fig.(b) show multiple (ambiguous) 8-adjacency, as indicated by the dashed lines. 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
Distance Measures
For pixels p, q, and z, with coordinates (x, y), (s, t), and (v, w), respectively D is a distance function or metric if (a) D(p, q)
Distance Measures
The Euclidean distance between p and q is defined as
Distance Measures
2 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 2
(D(p, q)=0 if p=q),
(b) D(p, q)=D(q, p), and ( ) (p, ) (c) D(p, z) D(p, q) (q, z). (p, q)+D(q, )
De ( p, q ) =
( x s) + ( y t )
2
TheD4 distance (also called city-block distance) between ( y )

p and q is defined as
D4 ( p, q ) = x s + y t
The pixels with D4=1 are the 4-neighbors of (x, y).
Distance Measures
TheD8 distance (also called chessboard distance) between p and q is defined as D8(p, q) = max (|x s|, |y t|). 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 The pixels with D8=1 are the 8-neighbors of (x, y).
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Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Digital Image Processing

Digital image representation,

elements of digital image

processing systems. Sampling & quantization; simple image model, basic

Introduction d To Digital Image Processing

relationships between pixels & image geometry geometry.

transforms- DCT , DST, Walsh, Haar, start transforms.

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

compression, Image compression standards.

1. 1st Sessional Exam [20 marks]

Representation & description- Representation, boundary

descriptors, Regional Descriptors.

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Introduction to digital image processing

What is digital image ?

Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

What is Digital image processing?

Why do we need Image Processing?

Application of Image Processing

transmission Image processing for autonomous machine application

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Examples of field that use digital image processing

Examples of field that use digital image processing

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Examples of field that use digital image processing

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

The Origins of Digital Image Processing

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Aspects of image processing

Aspects of image processing

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE

Aspects of image processing

Aspects of image processing

Aspects of image processing

What is common in above pictures?

Digital Image Processing @VRG_ET_YCCE