CHAPTER 3: THERM ODYNAM I CS

3. 1 TEM PERATURE AND HEAT TRANSFER

CONTENTS
3.1.1 INTRODUCTION OF THERM ODYNAM IC
3.1.2 WORK AND HEAT
3.1.3 ZEROTH LAW OF THERM ODYNAM ICS
3.1.4 THE FIRST LAW OF THERM ODYNAM ICS
3.1.5 THE SECOND LAW OF THERM ODYNAM ICS


















3. 1. 1 I NTRODUCTI ON OF THERM ODYNAM I CS
DEFINITIONS
Ther modynami cs: i s a sci ence i n w hi ch t he st orage, t he t ransf ormat ion, and t he t ransf er of ener gy ar e
st udi ed.
a) St or age:
Ener gy i s st or ed as i nt er nal ener gy (associ at ed w i t h t emper at ur e), ki net i c ener gy (due t o
mot i on), pot ent i al ener gy (due t o el evat i on) and chem i cal ener gy (due t o chemi cal
composi t i on).

b) Tr ansf or mat i on:
It (ener gy) i s t r ansf or med t o anot her .

c) Tr ansf er :
It (ener gy) i s t r ansf er r ed acr oss a boundar y as ei t her heat or w ork.

UNITS
The f ol l ow i ng vari abl es ar e i nt r oduced i n t hi s chapt er usi ng S.I uni t s:
QUANTITY SYM BOL S.I UNITS
Lengt h L m
M ass m kg
Ti me t s
Ar ea A m
Vol ume V m
Vel oci t y
V
m/ s
Accel er at i on a m/ s
Angul ar vel oci t y r ad/ s
For ce, Wei ght F, W N
Densi t y kg/ m
Speci f i c w ei ght
W
N/ m
Pr essur e, St r ess P, kPa
Wor k, Ener gy W,E,U J
Heat Tr ansf er Q J
Pow er W
Heat f l ux Q W or J/ s
M ass f l ux kg/ s
Fl ow r at e
V
m/ s
Speci f i c heat C kJ/ kgK
Speci f i c ent hal py
h
kJ/ kg
Speci f i c ent r opy s kJ/ kgK
Speci f i c vol ume m/ kg


3. 1. 2 W ORK AND HEAT
3. 1. 2. 1 W ORK
DEFINITIONS
Wor k i s def i ned as ener gy t r ansf er r ed acr oss t he boundar y of a syst em. The w or k done by t he syst em i n
goi ng f r om t he i ni t i al conf i gur at i on t o t he f i nal conf i gur at i on.
TYPE OF WORK
Type of w or k can be di vi ded t o 3 t ypes:
1) Quasi -equil i bri um w or k
The changes of t he pr oper t i es (pr essur e, vol ume, t emper at ur e) f r om i ni t i al st at e t o f i nal st at e
and each change i s r ecor ded.
Exampl e: Consi der a syst em (gas) encl ose i n a cyl i nder and pi st on ar r angement show i n f i gur e
(a). Let t he syst em i ni t i al ly i n equi li br i um st at e w hi ch i s pi st on at A posi t i on, pr essur e i s P
A,
vol ume i s V
A
and t emper at ur e i s T
A
. Consi der t he w eight (W) i s pl aced on t op of pi st on and
bal ances upw ar d f or ce by t he syst em. To appl y Quasi -equi l i bri um w or k , r emove t he w eight
sl ow l y. Pi st on w il l move f r om posi t i on A t o posi t i on B. Posi t i on B i s a st opper f or a pi st on f r om
move. St at e ever y change of pr essur e and vol ume and r ecor d i n t he gr af t as f i gur e (b). For each
changes of pr essur e and vol ume i s cal l ed equi l i bri um st at e and cont i nues pr ocess cal l ed quasi -
st at i c pr ocess .





Posit ion B
Posit ion A
W eight (W )
Figure ( a ) consider a s a syst em.








2) None equi li br i um
The changes of t he pr oper t i es (pr essur e, vol ume, t emper at ur e) f r om i ni t i al st at e t o f i nal st at e
w i t hout r ecor d any changes. Onl y at begi nni ng and f i nal st at e pr oper t i es i s r ecor ded.
Exampl e: Consi der a syst em same as above. To appl y None equi li br i um , r emove all w eight
t oget her . Pi st on w i ll move i mmediat el y f r om posi t i on A t o posi t i on B. Onl y t w o st at es of
pr essur e and vol ume changes ar e r ecor ded w hi ch ar e at begi nni ng and f i nal st at e as show i n
f i gur e (c). For each changes of pr essur e and vol ume happened i n bet w een i s cal l ed non-
equi l i bri um pr ocess .




Figure (c) is None equi libr ium
V
A

V
B

Figure (b) is Qua si-equil ibrium w ork

Equilibrium st at e
3. 1. 2. 2 HEAT/ HEAT TRANSFER
DEFINITIONS
Heat i s def i ned as ener gy t r ansf er r ed bet w een a syst em and i t s envi r onment because of t emper at ur e
di f f er ence t hat exi st s bet w een t hem.

A syst em does not cont ai n heat , i t i s cont ai ns ener gy, and heat i s ener gy i n t r ansi t . It i s of t en r ef er r ed t o
as Heat Tr ansf er.

UNITS
Heat i s symboli zed w i t h Q. S.I Uni t f or heat i s J (Joul e).Ot her s uni t used f or heat i s cal (cal or i e) and Bt u
(Br i t i sh t her mal uni t ). The r el at i ons among t he var i ous heat uni t s ar e:
1 cal = 3.969 10
-3
Bt u = 4.1860 J

HEAT TRANSFER
Heat i s posi t i ve w hen ener gy i s t r ansf er r ed t o a syst em s t her mal ener gy f rom i t s envi r onment (heat i s
absor bed). As show n i n f i g 3-1.


Fi g 3-1

Heat i s negat i ve w hen energy i s t r ansf er r ed f r om a syst em s t her mal ener gy t o i t s envi r onment (heat
r el eased/ l ost ). As show n i n f i g 3-2.


Fi g 3-2

Ther mal Equi li br i um i s achi eved w hen syst em s t emperat ur e (Ts) i s equal w i t h envi r onment s
t emper at ur e (Te), Ts=Te. As show n i n f i g 3-3.


Fi g 3-3


THE ABSORPTION OF HEAT BY SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
i) Heat Capacit y, c
The heat capaci t y of an obj ect i s t he pr opor t i onal l y const ant bet w een t he heat , Q t hat t he obj ect
absor bs or l oses and t he r esul t i ng t emper at ur e change, T of t he obj ect ; t hat i s,
= c I = c (I
]
I

)... (3-1)

c = heat capaci t y ( 179 cal / or 179 cal / K or as 749J/ K)
= heat absor b/ l oses
I = Temper at ur e di f f er ence/ change
I

= i ni t i al t emper at ur e of t he obj ect

I
]
= i nal t emper at ur es of t he obj ect



ii) Specif ic Heat , cm
Tw o obj ect s made of same mat er i al w il l have heat capaci t i es pr opor t i onal t o t hei r mass (Heat
capaci t y per uni t mass). Speci f i c heat r ef er s not t o obj ect but t o a uni t mass of t he mat er i al .
Equat i on 3.1 t hen becomes
= cm I = cm (I
]
I

)... (3-2)

c = heat speci i c ( r ef er t abl e 3-1)
m = moss o tc ob]cct
= heat absor b/ l oses
I = Temper at ur e di f f er ence/ change
I

= i ni t i al t emper at ur e of t he obj ect

I
]
= i nal t emper at ur es of t he obj ect

Tabl e 3-1 show s t he val ues of speci f i c heat s f or some el ement al soli ds/ subst ance at r oom t emper at ur e.

Tabl e 3-1: Speci f i c Heat s, cm of some subst ances at r oom t emper at ur e
Exampl e 3-1
Cal cul at e t he quant i t y of heat r equi r ed t o r ai se t he t emper at ur e of a st eel f or gi ng of mass 180kg f r om
300K t o 1265K. The speci f i c heat of st eel =0.452kJ/ kg.K.

Sol ut i on:
Gi ven: m=180kg; Ti =300K; Tf =1265K; c=0.452kJ/ kg.K

Quant i t y of heat r equi r ed
= cm I = cm (I
]
I

)
= 0.452 180 ( 1265 300)
= 78521.4 k[












HEATS OF TRANSFORM ATION
When ener gy i s absor bed as heat by a sol i d or l i qui d, t he sampl e may change f r om one phase, or st at e,
t o anot her .
When ener gy i s r eleased as heat by a gas or l i qui d, t he sampl e may al so change f r om one phase, or
st at e, t o anot her . Ref er di agr am as show n by f i gur e 3-4.



Figure 3-4: Sampl e/ syst em s st at e t r ansf or mat i on.

The amount of ener gy per uni t mass t hat must be t r ansf er r ed as heat w hen a sampl e compl et el y
under goes a phase change i s cal l ed t he heat of t r ansf or mat i on, L. Thus w hen a sampl e of mass, m
compl et el y under goes a phase change, t he t ot al ener gy t r ansf er r ed i s
Q=Lm...(3-3)



Exampl e 3-3
When 5.0 kg of w at er f r eezes at 0C, how much ener gy i s r el ease?
Q= mL
= (5.0 kg) x (3.33 x 10
5
J/ kg)
= 1.67 x 10
6
J ener gy i s r el eased







HEAT TRANSFER M ECHANISM E
Ther e ar e t hr ee heat t r ansf er mechani sme: conduct ion, convect ion, and radiat ion.
1) Conduct ion
Conduct i on heat t r ansf er exi st s i n mat er i al due t o t he pr esence of t emper at ur e di f f er eces
w i t hi n t he mat er i al. It can exi st i n al l subst ances but i s most of t enassoci at ed w i t h sol i ds.
(See f i gur e 3-5)
It i s expr essed mat hemat i call y by Four i er s Law of heat t r ansf er , w hi ch f or a one
di mensi onal pl ane w all t akes t he f or m




Figure 3-5: Ther mal conduct i on

= kA
1
L
(3-4)

=
A
R
I....(3-5)

= Ecot Ironscr rotc

R = Rcsisti:ity o motcriol ( I k )
I = Iickncss o tc motcriol
I = Icrmol conJucti:ity
A = Arco surocc o tc motcriol
I = Icmpcroturc Jicrcncc

Some of t he t her mal conduct i vi t y, k can be r ef er r ed t o t abl e 3-2


Tabl e 3-2

Exampl e 3-4
A 10 met er l ong by 3 met er hi gh w al l i s composed of an i nsul at i on l ayer w i t h R=2m.K/ W and a
w ood l ayer w i t h R=0.5m.K/ W. Est i mat e t he heat t r ansf er r at e t hr ough t he w al l i f t he
t emper at ur e di f f er ence i s 40C.

Solut ion:
The t ot al r esi st ance t o heat f l ow t hr ough t he w al l i s
R
totuI
= R
nsuIuton
+ R
wood
= 2 + 0.5 = 2.5m . K/ w

The heat t r ansf er r at e i s t hen

=
A
R
totuI
I =
10 3
2.5
40 = 480w












2) Convect ion
Convect i on occur s w hen heat f l ow s by t he mass movement of mol ecul es f r om one pl ace t o
anot her . It may be nat ur al or f or ced; bot h t hese exampl es ar e nat ur al convect i on. (See
f i gur e 3-6)



Figure 3-6: Exampl e of Convect i on heat t r ansf er

Convect i on i s expr essed i n t er ms of t he t emper at ur e di f f er ence bet w een t he bul k f l ui d
t emper at ur e, I

and t he t empear t ur e of t he sur f ace, I

s
. New t on s Law of cool ing expr ess
t hi s as

=
c
A( I
s
I

) (3-5)


Exampl e 3-5
The heat t r ansf er f r om a 2 met er -di amet er spher e t o a 25C ai r st r eam over a t i me i nt er val of
one hour i s 3000 kJ. Est i mat e t he sur f ace t emper at ur e of t he spher e i f t he heat t r ansf er
coef f i ci ent i s 10W/ mK.

Solut ion:
The heat t r ansf er equat i on i s

=
c
A( I
s
I

)
Inser t al l val ue i n t he equat i on
3 10
6
= 10 4n 1
2
( I
s
25

) 3600

The sur f ace t emper at ur e i s cal cul at ed t o be

I
s
=
3 10
6

10 4n 1
2
3600
+ 25

I
s
= 31.6
3) Radiat ion
Radiat ion i s energy t r ansf er r ed as phot ons. It can be t r ansf er r ed t hr ough a per f ect vacuum
or t hr ough t r anspar ent subst ances such as ai r . It i s cal cul at ed usi ng t he St ef an-Bol t zmann
Law and account sf or t he ener gy emi t t ed and t he ener gy absor bed f r om t he sur r oundi ngs:

= eoA( I
4
I
su
4
) .(3-6)

o= St ef an-Bol t zmann ( 5.67 10
-8
w/ m
2
. K
4
)
e= Emi si vit y (a number bet w een 0 and 1, w here =1 i s f or bl ackbody)
I
su
=Temperat ure of t he sur roundi ng

Not e t hat ever y obj ect w hose t emper at ur e i s above 0 K, i ncl udi ng you emi t s t her mal r adi at i on.
(See f i gur e 3-7)


Figure 3-7: Col or s of t her mogr am r eveal s t he r at e at w hi ch ener gy i s r adi at ed.

Exampl e 3-6
Est i mat e t he r at e of heat t r ansf er f r om a 200C spher e w hi ch has an emi ssi vi t y of 0.8 i f i t i s
suspended i n a col d vol ume mai nt ai ned at -20C. The spher e has a di amet er of 20cm.

Solut ion:
The r at e of heat t r ansf er i s gi ven by

= eoA( I
4
I
su
4
)
= 0.8 5.67 10
-8
4n 0.1
2
( 473
4
253
4
)
= 262 [ s


3. 1. 3 THE ZEROTH LAW OF THERM ODYNAM I CS

The Zer ot h Law of Ther modynami c says:
If bodi es A and B ar e each i n t her mal equi li br i um wi t h a t hi r d body T, t hen t hey ar e i n t her mal
equi l i bri um wi t h each ot her .

Figure3-5(a)

Fi gur e 3-5(a) show s body T (a t her moscope) and body A ar e i n a t her mal equi li br i um. (Body S i s a
t her mal l y i nsul at i ng scr een)

Figure3-5(b)

Fi gur e 3-5(b) show s body T and body B ar e al so i n t her mal equil i br i um, at t he same r eadi ng of t he
t her moscope.

Figure3-5(c)
Fi gur e 3-5 (c) show s i f (a) and (b) ar e t r ue t he Zer ot h Law of t her modynami cs st at es t hat body A and B
ar e al so i n t her mal equi li br i um.
The message f r om Zer ot h Law i s: Ever y body has a pr oper t y cal l ed t emper at ur e. When t w o bodi es ar e
i n t her mal equi li br i um, t hei r t emper at ur es ar e equal . And vi ce ver sa.


3. 1. 3 THE FI RST LAW OF THERM ODYNAM I CS
The Fi r st Law of Ther modynami cs says:
The change i n i nt er nal ener gy (F
|nt
) of a cl osed syst em w i l l be equal t o t he ener gy (Q) added t o t he
syst em mi nus t he w or k (W ) done by t he syst em on i t s sur r oundi ngs.

Equat i on 3-7 i s t he Fi r st Law of t her modynami cs:
E
nt
= w..(3-7)

Exampl e 3-7
Let 1.00kg of l i qui d w at er at 100C be conver t ed t o st eam at 100C by boi l i ng at st andar d at mospher i c
pr essur e (w hi ch i s 1.00 at m or 1.01 10
5
Po) i n t he ar r angement of Fi g. 3-6. The vol ume of w at er
changes f r om an i ni t i al val ue of 1.00 10
-3
m
3
as a l i qui d t o 1.671 m
3
as st eam.
a) How much w or k i s done by t he syst em dur i ng t he pr ocess?

Solut ion:
w = pJI = p JI = p( I
]
I

)
v]
v
v]
v

= ( 1.01 10
5
Po) ( 1.671 m
3
1.00 10
-3
)
= 1.69 10
5
[ = 169k[

b) How much ener gy i s t r ansf er r ed sas heat dur i ng t he pr ocess?

Solut ion:
Ref er t o t abl e 3-2, Heat of vapor i zat i on, Lv=2256kJ/ kg
Q =Lvm =(2256kJ/ kg)(1.00kg)
= 2256kg
2260kJ

c) What i s t he changei n t he syst em s i nt er nal ener gy dur i ng t he pr ocess?

Solut ion:
E
nt
= w
=2256kJ- 169kJ
2090 k[ = 2.09 M J

3. 1. 4 THE SECOND LAW OF THERM ODYNAM I CS
The Second Law of Ther modynami cs may be def i ned in many w ays but t he t w o common st at ement s ar e
accor di ng t o Kel vi n-Pl anck and Cl ausi us ar e as f ol l ow s:

Kel vi n-Pl ank st at ement :
It i s i mpossi bl e t o const ruct an engi ne wor ki ng on a cycl i c process, w hose sole purpose i s t o conver t heat
ener gy f r om a singl e t her mal r eservoi r int o an equi val ent amount of w or k .

In ot her w or ds, no act ual heat engi ne, w or ki ng on a cycl i c pr ocess, can conver t w hol e of t he heat
suppl i ed t o i t , i nt o mechani cal w or k. It means t hat t her e i s a degr adat i on of ener gy i n t he pr ocess of
pr oduci ng mechani cal w or k f r om t he heat suppl i ed. Thus i t i s somet imes know n as Law of Degr adat i on
of Ener gy.

A heat engi ne w hi ch vi ol at es t hi s st at ement of t he second l aw of t her modynami c (i .e. a heat engi ne
w hi ch conver t s w hol e of t he heat ener gy i nt o mechani cal w or k) i s know n as per pet ual mot i on machi ne
of t he second ki nd or 100% ef f i ci ent machi ne w hi ch is i mpossi bl e t o obt ai n i n act ual pr act i ce, because
no machi ne can conver t w hol e of t he heat ener gy suppl i ed t o i t , i nt o i t s equi val ent amount of w or k.

Thus f or t he sat i sf act or y oper at i on of heat engi ne w hi ch i s a devi ce used f or conver t i ng heat ener gy i nt o
mechani cal w or k, t her e shoul d be at l east r eser voi r s of heat , one at a hi gher t emper at ur e and t he ot her
at l ow er t emper at ur e as show n i n f i gur e 3-6.


Figure 3-6: Heat Engi ne




In t hi s case, consi der t hat heat energy (Q1) f r om t he hi gh t emper at ur e r eservoi r (or sour ce) at
t emper at ur e T1 i s suppli ed t o t he engi ne. A par t of t hi s heat ener gy i s r ej ect ed t o t he l ow r eser voi r (or
si nk) at t emper at ur e T2. If Q2 i s t he heat r ej ect ed t o t he si nk, t hen t he r emai ni ng heat (i .e Q1-Q2) i s
conver t ed i nt o mechani cal w or k. The r at i o of t he maximum mechani cal w or k obt ai ned t o t he t ot al heat
suppl i ed t o t he engi ne i s know n as maxi mum t her mal ef f i ci ency (p
mux
) of t he engi ne. M at hemat i cal ly,

p
mux
=
Hox work obtoincJ
Iotol cot supplicJ
=

1-

1
=
I
1-
I
2
I
1
= 1

1
= 1
I
2
I
1


Not e: For a r ever si bl e engi ne,
1
I
1
=
2
I
2


Exampl e 3-8
A r ever si bl e engi ne i s suppli ed wi t h heat f r om t w o const ant t emper at ur e sour ces at 900 K and 600 K and
r ej ect s heat at t o a const ant t emper at ur e si nk at 300 K. The engi ne devel ops w or k equival ent t o 90 kJ/ s
and r ej ect heat s at t he r at e of 56kJ/ s.


Figure 3-7

a) Est i mat e heat suppl i ed by each sour ce.

Solut ion:
Gi ven: I
1
= 900 K; I
3
= 600 K; I
2
= I
4
= 300 K; w
L
= 90k J/ s;
2
+
4
= 56k J/ s

Q1 = Heat suppl i ed by t he f i r st sour ce
Q2 = Heat suppl i ed by t he second sour ce

We know t hat ef f i ci ency of t he engi ne w hen t he heat i s suppl i ed f r om t he f i r st sour ce
p
1
=
work obtoincJ
Iotol cot supplicJ
=

1-

1
=
I
1-
I
2
I
1

=
900 300
900
= 0.67
Wor k obt ai ned by t he engi ne f r om t he i r st sour ce,
p
1
=

1

2

1
= 0.67
w
1
=
1

2
= 0.67
1


And heat r ej ect ed t o t he si nk,

2
=
1
w
1
=
1
0.67
1


Si mil ar ly, ef f i ci ency of t he engi ne w hen t he heat i s suppl i ed f r om t he second sour ce
p
2
=
work obtoincJ
Iotol cot supplicJ
=
w
2

3
=

3-

3
=
I
3-
I
4
I
3

=
600 300
600
= 0.5

Wor k obt ai ned by t he engi ne f r om t he i r st sour ce,
p
2
=

3

4

3
= 0.5
w
2
=
3

4
= 0.5
3


And heat r ej ect ed t o t he si nk,

4
=
3
w
2
=
3
0.5
3
= 0.5
3


We know t hat t ot al w or k obt ai ned f r om t he engi ne (WE),
90 = W1 + W2 = 0.67Q1 + 0.5 Q3...(i )

And t ot al heat r ej ect ed t o t he si nk,
56 =
2
+
4
= 0.33
1
0.5
3
(i i )

Sol ve equat i on (i ) and (i i )
Q1 = 100kJ/ s
Q2 = 46kJ/ s

b) Cal cul at e t her mal ef f i ci ency of t he engi ne.

Sol ut i on:
p
mux
=
work obtoincJ
Iotol cot supplicJ
=
w
L

1
+
3

=
90
100 + 46
= 0.616 or 61.6%

Cl ausi us st at ement :
It i s i mpossi bl e f or a sel f act i ng machi ne, w or ki ng i n a cycl i c pr ocess, t o t r ansf er heat f r om a body at
l ow er t emper at ur e t o a body at a hi gher t emper at ur e w i t hout t he ai d of an ext er nal agency.

In ot her w or ds, heat cannot f l ow i t sel f f r om a col d body t o a hot body w i t hout t he hel p of an ext er nal
agency (i .e wi t hout t he expendi t ur e of mechani cal w or k).

Devi ce (such as r ef r i gerat or or a heat pump), as show n i n f i g 3-8 (a), vi olat es t he Cl ausi us st at ement
because no i nput w or k i s suppl i ed t o t he devi ce t o t r ansf er heat f r om a col d body t o a hot body. Such a
devi ce i s cal l ed per pet ual mot i on machi ne of t he second ki nd.


Figure 3-8

In or der t o achi eve t he obj ect of t r ansf er r i ng heat f r om a col d body t o a hot body, t he r ef r i ger at or and a
heat pump, w hi l e oper at i ng i n a cycl i c pr ocess, r equi r e an i nput w or k, as show i n f i gur e 3-7(b) and (c)
r espect i vel y. A r ef ri ger at or w or ks bet ween t he col d body t emper at ur e and t he at mospher i c
t emper at ur e w her eas a heat pump oper at es bet w een t he hot body t emper at ur e and t he at mospher i c
t emper at ur e.

The per f or mance of r ef r i ger at or and heat pump i s measur ed by Coef f i ci ent of Per f or mance (COP)

Coef f i ci ent of Per f or mance f or r ef r i ger at or ,
C0P
R
=

2
w
R
=

2

1

2
=
I
2
I
1
I
2


Coef f i ci ent of Per f or mance f or heat pump,
C0P
P
=

1
w
P
=

1

1

2
=
I
1
I
1
I
2
=
I
2
I
1
I
2
+ 1 = C0P
R
+ 1


Exampl e 3-9
A col d st or age i s t o mai nt ai ned at -5C w hi l e t he sur r oundi ngs ar e at 35C. The heat l eakage f r om t he
sur r oundi ngs i nt o t he col d st or age i s est i mat ed t o be 29kW. The act ual COP of t he r ef r i ger at i on pl ant i s
one-t hi r d of an i deal pl ant w or ki ng bet w een t he same t emper at ur es. Fi nd t he pow er r equi r ed t o dr i ve
t he pl ant .

Figure 3-9

Solut ion:
Gi ven:
I
2
= 5 = 5 + 273 = 268 K; I
1
= 35 = 35+ 273 = 308 K;

2
= 29kw; ( C0P)
uctuuI
=
1
3
( C0P)
dcuI


The r ef r i ger at i ng pl ant oper at i ng bet w een t he t emperat ur es I
1
and I
2
i s show n i n f i gur e 3-9.
Let w
R
= w or k or pow er r equi r ed t o dr i ve t he pl ant .

We know t hat t he coef f i ci ent of per f or mance of an i deal r ef r i ger at i ng pl ant ,
( C0P)
dcuI
=
I
2
I
1
I
2
=
268
308 268
= 6.7

Act ual coef i ci ent of per f or mance,
( C0P)
uctuuI
=
1
3
( C0P)
dcuI
=
1
3
6.7 = 2.233

We al so know t hat C0P =

2
w
R

w
R
=

2
( C0P)
uctuuI
=
29
2.233
= 12.987kw