Chapter 1

33

PROBLEM 1.43 1.43 The two wooden members shown, which support a 20 kN load, are joined by plywood splices fully glued on the surfaces in contact. The ultimate shearing stress in the glue is 2.8 MPa and the clearance between the members is 8 mm. Determine the factor of safety, knowing that the length of each splice is L = 200 mm. SOLUTION

20 kN

120 mm L

8 mm 20 kN

There are 4 separate areas of glue. Each glue area must transmit 10 kN of shear load. P = 10 103 N Length of splice L = 2l + c l= Area of glue Ultimate load Factor of safety PROBLEM 1.44 1.43 The two wooden members shown, which support a 20 kN load, are joined by plywood splices fully glued on the surfaces in contact. The ultimate shearing stress in the glue is 2.8 MPa and the clearance between the member is 8 mm. 1.44 For the joint and loading of Prob. 1.43, determine the required length L of each splice if a factor of safety of 3.5 is to be achieved. SOLUTION There are 4 separate areas of glue. Each glue area must transmit 10 kN of shear load. P = 10 103 N Required ultimate load PU = (F.S.) (P) = (3.5) (10 103) = 35 103 N
20 kN 120 mm L

where

l = length of glue and

c = clearance.

1 1 (L c) = (0.200 0.008) = 0.096 m. 2 2

A = lw = (0.096)(0.120) = 11.52 103 m2 PU = tU A = (2.8 106)(11.52 103) = 32.256 103 N F.S. =

P 32.256 103 U = = 3.23 P 10 10 3

8 mm 20 kN

Required length l of each glue area PU = tU A = tU lw l=

P 35 103 U = = 104.17 103 m t U w ( 2.8 10 6 ) ( 0.120)

34 Mechanics of Materials

Length of splice

L = 2l + c = (2) (104.17 103) + 0.008 = 216.3 103 m or 216 mm

PROBLEM 1.45 1.45 Three 20 mm diameter steel bolts are to be used to attach the steel plate shown to a wooden beam. Knowing that the plate will support a 110 kN load and that the ultimate shearing stress for the steel used is 360 MPa, determine the factor of safety for this design. SOLUTION For each bolt A=
p 2 p d = (20)2 = 314.2 mm2 4 4
110 kN

PU = AtU = (314.2) (360) = 113.1 kN Per bolt P= F.S. = PROBLEM 1.46 1.46 Three steel bolts are to be used to attach the steel plate shown to a wooden beam. Knowing that the plate will support a 110 kN load, that the ultimate shearing stress for the steel used is 360 MPa and that a factor of safety of 3.37 is desired, determine the required diameter of the bolts. SOLUTION For each bolt Required P=
110 = 36.67 kN 3 110 = 36.67 kN 3 PU 1131 . = = 3.08 P 36.67

110 kN

PU = (F.S.)P = (3.37) (36.67) = 123.6 kN tU =

P U A
p 2 d 4

A=

P 123.6 kN U = = 343 mm2 360 MPa tU 4A = p ( 4) (343) p

A=

d=

= 20.9 mm

Chapter 1

35

PROBLEM 1.47 1.47 A load P is supported as shown by a steel pin which has been inserted in a short wooden member hanging from the ceiling. The ultimate strength of the wood used is 50 MPa in tension and 7.5 MPa in shear, while the ultimate strength of the steel is 150 MPa in shear. Knowing that the diameter of the pin is d = 16 mm and that the magnitude of the load is P = 20 kN, determine (a) the factor of safety for the pin, (b) the required values of b and c if the factor of safety for the wooden member is to be the same as that found in part a for the pin. SOLUTION P = 20 kN = 20 103 N (a) Pin: Double shear A= t=
40 mm b

1 2P

1 2

p 2 p d = (0.016)2 = 201.06 106 m2 4 4

tU =

PU 2A

PU = 2AtU = (2) (201.16 106 ) (150 106) = 60.319 103 N F.S. = (b) Tension in wood
PU 60.319 10 3 = = 3.02 20 10 3 P

PU = 60.319 103 N for same F.S. sU =

P PU U = A w (b - d )

where

w = 40 mm = 0.040 m

b=d+

P 60.319 103 U = 0.016 + = 41.1 103 m ws U ( 0.040) (60 10 6 )

b = 41.1 mm Shear in wood PU = 60.319 103 N for same F.S.

Double shear; each area is A = wc tU = c=

P 60.319 10 3 3 U = m 6 = 100.5 10 2 w tU ( 2) (0.040) ( 7.5 10 )

36 Mechanics of Materials

PROBLEM 1.48 1.47 A load P is supported as shown by a steel pin which has been inserted in a short wooden member hanging from the ceiling. The ultimate strength of the wood used is 60 MPa in tension and 7.5 MPa in shear, while the ultimate strength of the steel is 150 MPa in shear. 1.48 For the support of Prob. 1.47, knowing that b = 40 mm, c = 55 mm and d = 12 mm, determine the allowable load P if an overall factor of safety of 3.2 is desired. SOLUTION Based on double shear in pin
p PU = 2 AtU = 2 d 2tU 4
40 mm

1 2P

c b

1 2P

= Based on tension in wood

p (2) (0.012)2 (150 106) = 33.93 103 N 4

PU = A sU = w (b d ) sU = (0.040) (0.040 0.012) (60 106) = 67.2 103 N Based on double shear in the wood PU = 2 AtU = 2 wctU = (2)(0.040) (0.055) (7.5 106) = 33.0 103 N Use smallest Allowable PU = 33.0 103 N P=
PU 33.0 10 3 = = 10.31 103 N 3.2 F. S.

10.31 kN PROBLEM 1.49 1.49 In the structure shown, an 8 mm diameter pin is used at A, and 12 mm diameter pins are used at B and D. Knowing that the ultimate shearing stress is 100 MPa at all connections and that the ultimate normal stress is 250 MPa in each of the two links joining B and D, determine the allowable load P if an overall factor of safety of 3.0 is desired.

Chapter 1
Top view 200 mm 8 mm A B C D Front view 20 mm P 8 mm 180 mm 12 mm A B C B

37

8 mm D

12 mm Side view

SOLUTION Statics: Use ABC as free body. S MB = 0

0.20 FA 0.18 P = 0

A 0.20 FA

B 0.18 FBD

C P

P=

0.20 FBD 0.38 P = 0

P= Based on double shear in pin A A= FA =

10 FBD 19 p 2 p d = (0.008)2 = 50.266 106 m2 4 4

2t U A ( 2) (100 10 6 ) ( 50.266 10 -6 ) = = 3.351 103 N F. S. 3.0 10 FA = 3.72 103 N P= 9 Based on double shear in pins at B and D p p A = d2 = (0.012)2 = 113.10 106 m2 4 4

FBD =

( 2) (100 106 ) (11310 10 -6 ) . 2t U A = = 7.54 103 N 3.0 F. S. 10 FBD = 3.97 103 N P= 19

Based on compression in links BD For one link A = (0.020)(0.008) = 160 106 m2 FBD = P=
2s U A ( 2 ) ( 250 10 6 ) (160 10 -6 ) = = 26.7 103 N 3.0 F. S. 10 FBD = 14.04 103 N 19

38 Mechanics of Materials

Allowable value of P is smallest \ P = 3.72 103 N = 3.72 kN PROBLEM 1.50 1.49 In the structure shown, an 8 mm diameter pin is used at A, and 12 mm diameter pins are used at B and D. Knowing that the ultimate shearing stress is 100 MPa at all connections and that the ultimate normal stress is 250 MPa in each of the two links joining B and D, determine the allowable load P if an overall factor of safety of 3.0 is desired. 1.50 In an alternative design for the structure of Prob. 1.49, a pin of 10 mm diameter is to be used at A. Assuming that all other specifications remain unchanged, determine the allowable load P if an overall factor of safety of 3.0 is desired.
Top view 200 mm 8 mm A B C 20 mm D Front view 12 mm Side view P 8 mm 180 mm 12 mm A B C B

8 mm D

SOLUTION Statics: Use ABC as free body. S MB = 0 P=

0.20 FA 0.18 P = 0

A 0.20 FA

B 0.18 FBD

C P

S MA = 0 P= Based on double shear in pin A A= FA = P=

0.20 FBD 0.38 P = 0

p 2 p d = (0.010)2 = 78.54 106 m2 4 4 2t U A ( 2) (100 106 ) ( 78.54 10 -6 ) = = 5.236 103 N 3.0 F. S. 10 FA = 5.82 103 N 9

Chapter 1

39

Based on double shear in pins at B and D A=

FBD = P= Based on compression in links BD For one link

A = (0.020) (0.008) = 160 106 m2 FBD = P=

2s U A ( 2) ( 250 106 ) (160 10 -6 ) = = 26.7 103 N 3.0 F. S.

Allowable value of P is smallest

= 3.97 kN PROBLEM 1.51 1.51 Each of the steel links AB and CD is connected to a support and to member BCE by 12 mm diameter steel pins acting in single shear. Knowing that the ultimate shearing stress is 165 MPa for the steel used in the pins and that the ultimate normal stress is 400 MPa for the steel used in the links, determine the allowable load P if an overall factor of safety of 3.2 is desired. (Note that the links are not reinforced around the pin holes.) SOLUTION Use BCE as free body S MB = 0 200 FCD 500 P = 0
2 P = FCD 5
FAB B 200

25 mm D 6 mm B C A 200 mm
FCD C 300 E

300 mm
P

2 FAB 3 Both links have the same area and same pin diameter; hence, being of the same material, they will have the same ultimate load.

S MC = 0

200 FAB 300 P = 0

P=

40 Mechanics of Materials

Based on pin in single shear

A=

Based on tension in link A = (b d) t = (25 12) (6) = 78 mm2 FU = sU A = (400) (78) = 31.2 kN Ultimate load for link is smallest: FU = 18.645 kN Allowable load for link Allowable load for structure
FU 18.645 = = 5.826 kN 3.2 F. S. 2 P = F = 2.33 kN 5

F=

= 2.33 kN PROBLEM 1.52 1.51 Each of the steel links AB and CD is connected to a 25 mm support and to member BCE by 12 mm diameter steel D P pins acting in single shear. Knowing that the ultimate shearing stress is 165 MPa for the steel used in the pins B and that the ultimate normal stress is 400 MPa for the 6 mm steel used in the links, determine the allowable load P if E C an overall factor of safety of 3.2 is desired. (Note that A the links are not reinforced around the pin holes.) 1.52 An alternative design is being considered to support 200 300 member BCE of Prob. 1.51 in which link CD will be mm mm replaced by two links, each of 3 25 mm cross section, causing the pins at C and D to be in double shear. Assuming that all other specifications remain unchanged, determine the allowable load P if an overall factor of safety of 3.2 is desired. SOLUTION Use member BCE as free body S MB = 0 S MC = 0 200 FCD 500 P = 0 200 FAB 300 P = 0
2 P = FCD 5 2 P = FAB 5
B C FAB E FCD P

Based on pin A in single shear

A=

Chapter 1

41

Based on tension in link AB A = (b d) t = (25 12) (6) = 78 mm2 FU = sU A = (400) (78) = 31.2 kN Ultimate load for link AB is smallest, i.e. Corresponding ultimate load for structure: Based on pins at C and D in double shear
p 2 p d = (12)2 = 113 mm2 4 4 FU = 2 tU A = (2) (165) (0.113) = 37.29 kN

FU = 18.645 kN PU =
2 FU = 12.43 kN 3

A=

Based on tension in links BC A = (b d) t = (25 12) (3) = 39 mm2 (one link) FU = 2sU A = (2) (400) (39) = 31.2 kN (total, both links) Ultimate load for links BC is smallest, i.e. Corresponding ultimate load for structure Actual ultimate load is smallest, i.e. Allowable load for structure FU = 31.2 kN PU =

2 FU = 12.48 kN 5

PU = 12.48 kN P=

P 12.48 U = = 3.9 kN F. S. 3.2

P = 3.9 kN PROBLEM 1.53 1.53 Each of the two vertical links CF connecting the two horizontal members AD and EG has a 10 40 mm uniform rectangular cross section and is made of a steel with an ultimate strength in tension of 400 MPa, while each of the pins at C and F has a 20 mm diameter and is made of a steel with an ultimate strength in shear of 150 MPa. Determine the overall factor of safety for the links CF and the pins connecting them to the horizontal members. SOLUTION Use member EFG as free body. S ME = 0 0.40 FCF (0.65) (24 103) = 0

42 Mechanics of Materials

FCF = 39 103 N Based on tension in links CF A = (b d) t = (0.040 0.02) (0.010) = 200 106 m2 (one link) FU = 2sU A = (2) (400 106) (200 106) = 160.0 103 N Based on double shear in pins A=

p 2 p d = (0.020)2 = 314.16 106 m2 4 4

FU = 2 tU A = (2) (150 106) (314.16 106) = 94.248 103 N Actual FU is smaller value, i.e. Factor of safety FU = 94.248 103 N F.S. =

FU 94.248 10 3 = = 2.42 FCF 39 103

PROBLEM 1.54 1.53 Each of the two vertical links CF connecting the two horizontal members AD and EG has a 10 40 mm uniform rectangular cross section and is made of a steel with an ultimate strength in tension of 400 MPa, while each of the pins at C and F has a 20-mm diameter and is made of a steel with an ultimate strength in shear of 150 MPa. Determine the overall factor of safety for the links CF and the pins connecting them to the horizontal members. 1.54 Solve Prob. 1.53, assuming that the pins at C and F have been replaced by pins with a 30 mm diameter. SOLUTION Use member EFG as free body. S ME = 0 0.40 FCF (0.65) (24 102) = 0 FCF = 39 103 N Based on tension in links CF FU = 2 sU A = (2) (400 106) (100 106) = 80.0 103 N Based on double shear in pins A=
p 2 p d = (0.030)2 = 706.86 106 m2 4 4
E 0.40 F 0.25 24 kN G FBE FCF

A = (b d) t = (0.040 0.030) (0.010) = 100 106 m2 (one link)

FU = 2 tU A = (2) (150 106) (706.86 106) = 212.06 103 N