ATPLessentials: Mass and Balance

Mass refers to the quantity of matter in a body as measured by its inertia
Mass & Balance 1

Limitations
Structural Performance Other
Holiday Charter Infant (0y ...2y) Child (2y ...12y) 35kg; 1seat 83kg Adult
Other
Mass of individual Pax may be determined from a verbal statement Considerable amout of pax or baggage exceeding the standard
by or on behalf of the pax if < 6 seats available masses: Operator should use individual masses or add an adequate mass increment Weighing machine for pax: Capacity !150kg; graduations of 500g Max weight of cabin crew in 19-seat AC on Holiday Charter = 75kg Baggage = Personal belongings Standard mass for baggage (15kg) may be used if >20 seats If no carry-on baggage is carried: Subtract 6kg from standard masses
69kg
84kg
or avg. of 76kg
= MRM
Denitions
Taxi Fuel
Maximum certied Ramp (or Taxi) Mass Mass an AC may be loaded prior to engine start Fixed value listed in AC Flight Manual
Ramp Mass - RM Takeoff Mass - TOM = MTOM

= max. permissible total AC mass @ start of TO run May not be exceeded on any TO Normally the limiting factor on TL on long distance
ights
Limiting in Hot & High conditions
Regulated TOM = Lower of both structural and performance limited TOM
Trafc Load (TL) Useful Load (UL)
Trip Fuel (TF)
Usable TOM: Consider MLM + Fuel burn

If AC < max. structural LM but > max. performance limited LM:
Operating Mass - OM
Takeoff (useable) fuel (TOF)

Contingency Alternate Final reserve
Landing Mass - LM
= MLM
If exceeded, undercarriage could collapse on LDG
Tire temperature limits could be exceeded Runway may be too short No go-around possible Structural fatigue increased
Limited by strength of runway Amount of fuel to jettison: To a

safe level at or below regulated Landing Mass
Zero Fuel Mass - ZFM

Passengers Cargo
= MZFM
Structural limit due to max permissible bending moment
@ wing root (on AC without central tank)
Takeoff (useable) fuel (TOF)
AC mass with no USEABLE fuel
Trafc Load (TL)
Operator must establish
TL by actual weighing or in accordance with standard masses specied in JAR-OPS Part J
Imposes fuel dumping from the inner wing tank rst Regulatory limitation Calculated for a LF of +2.5g Fixed value stated in AC Operating Manual Limiting factor on TL on short legs with minimum fuel
Dry Operating Mass - DOM

Standard Masses:
Crew
Flight Crew = 85kg Cabin Crew = 75kg Incl hand baggage

allowance
Includes xed equipment needed to carry out a specic ight AC mass ready for a specic type or operation
Responsibility for determination lies with the operator!
Operating Catering Removable pax equipment Items Potable water

Lavatory liquids
Crew baggage
Basic Empty Mass - BEM

= Weighed Mass Determined by manufacturer Found in the latest version of the weighing schedule as corrected to allow for modications Is amended to take account of changes due to modications of the AC
Weighing
Aircraft must be weighed:
On initial entry into service If the mass and balance records have not been adjusted for alterations
or modiactions
Specic equipment integral to the particular aircraft conguration
Whenever the cumulative changes to the dry operating mass exceed

plus or minus 0.5% of the maximum landing mass
If the cumulative change in CG position exceeds 0.5% of the MAC If individual masses are used the mass of an aeroplane must be
Unusable fuel + Full Operating Fluids

Furnishings Systems Power Plants Aeroplane Structure
Calculation of Max. Masses for TO & LDG

Limiting Structural TOM = (minimum of: Payload (=TL) = ( TF TOF MTOM +MLM +MZFM --------------------------------------... ... ... ) - || ) - DOM - TOF
determined prior to initial entry into service and thereafter at intervals of 4y if no modications have taken place. Where an operator uses "eet masses" and provided that changes have been correctly documented, this interval is 9y for each aeroplane.
Standard Empty Mass
It is not required to drain all engine tank oil or fuel tanks Must take place in an enclosed, non-air conditioned hangar With a minimum of three points of support Aeroplane has to be clean and equipment complete for weighing
Mass & Balance 2

The Datum
is the point on the aeroplane designated by the manufacturers from which all CG measurements and calcuations are made. Its position is given in the aeroplane Flight or Loading Manual. It is located at a convenient point which may not physically be on the aeroplane. The datum is a xed vertical plane from which all the arm distances are measured
CG in %MAC
is the location of CG in relation to the Mean Aerodynamic Chord of the wing. Loads must be adequately secured in order to avoid 0% unplanned CG movement and aircraft damage. LE
CG (MAC) =
Distance: Leading Edge (LE) - CG Total MAC
MAC
25% CG 50% 75% 100%
Changing tailplane incident angle does not change CG position!
CG location is calculated/measured along the longitudinal axis
range is between front and rear CG [ CG safe ] limits and includes both limits
A location in the aeroplane, identied by a number designating its distance from the datum = A Station
Center of Gravity (CG)

= the point of a body through which the sum of the forces of all
masses is considered to act = the point where all the aircraft mass is considered to be concentrated
Standard CG Calculation Walkthrough

1.Calculate Moment = Arm * Force for all stations 2.Add up all moments => Total Moment (taking out weight = negative Moment!) 3.Add up all forces (weights) => Total Weight 4.Calculate CG position with Arm = Total Moment / Total Weight
Weight
Acts in a direction parallel to the gravity vector On ground or in level, non accelerated ight vertically through
CG
Units
If the actual fuel density is not known, conversion from volume
to mass can be done by using std. fuel density according to the OM 1US.gal. = 3.785l = 0.833Imp.gal. = 6lbs AVGAS 1kg = 2.2lb
Moment
All moments turning clockwise
arund datum are positive; If all moments given are positive, the datum must be at the nose or in front of the AC
Arm
= Moment Arm = Balance Arm = Horizontal distance from Datum to CG
Force
use N or kg consistently!
Other
Once the mass and balance documentation has been signed
prior to ight, acceptable last minute changes to the load must be documented Index Method: In Mass and balance calculations the index is the moment divided by a constant
or F e ac p S re o M
rI u Yo
s dea
!!!

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Mass refers to the quantity of matter in a body as measured by its inertia

Mass & Balance 1

Ramp Mass - RM Takeoff Mass - TOM = MTOM

Limiting in Hot & High conditions

Regulated TOM = Lower of both structural and performance limited TOM

Trafc Load (TL) Useful Load (UL)

Trip Fuel (TF)

Usable TOM: Consider MLM + Fuel burn

Takeoff (useable) fuel (TOF)

Limited by strength of runway Amount of fuel to jettison: To a

Zero Fuel Mass - ZFM

Takeoff (useable) fuel (TOF)

AC mass with no USEABLE fuel

Trafc Load (TL)

Operator must establish

TL by actual weighing or in accordance with standard masses specied in JAR-OPS Part J

Dry Operating Mass - DOM

Flight Crew = 85kg Cabin Crew = 75kg Incl hand baggage

Responsibility for determination lies with the operator!

Operating Catering Removable pax equipment Items Potable water

Basic Empty Mass - BEM

Specic equipment integral to the particular aircraft conguration

Whenever the cumulative changes to the dry operating mass exceed

Unusable fuel + Full Operating Fluids

Calculation of Max. Masses for TO & LDG

Standard Empty Mass

Mass & Balance 2

Distance: Leading Edge (LE) - CG Total MAC

Changing tailplane incident angle does not change CG position!

CG location is calculated/measured along the longitudinal axis

Center of Gravity (CG)

Standard CG Calculation Walkthrough

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